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ib bio sl topic 4
Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs. [2] | Autotrophs = create their own carbon resources Heterotrophs = obtain carbon resources from outside |
| Define scavenger and state an example of a scavenger. [2] | Animal that feeds on dead or decaying matter ie. vulture |
| Define saprotroph and state an example of a saprotroph. [2] | Organism that lives on non-organic matter ie. fungi |
| Define consumer and state an example of a consumer. [2] | Animal that feeds on living or recently dead organism ie. wolf |
| Define detritivore and state an example of a detritivore. [2] | Animal that feeds on trash or debris ie. snail |
| Define ecosystem. [1] | Includes community of organisms and nonliving environment Communities depend on nonliving surroundings |
| Define community. [1] | Formed by populations of different species living together Species dependent of relationships with other species |
| Distinguish between a community and an ecosystem. [3] | Only living vs living and nonliving Dependency on other living beings vs nonliving environment |
| List different examples of ecological interactions. [5] | Mutualism = benefits both species Predation = one species benefits Parasitism = one benefits, other suffers Competition = both are affected Commensalism = one benefits, other is unaffected |
| State the three requirements for environment sustainability. [3] | Energy availability, nutrient availability, recycling of wastes |
| Describe the main source of energy for different organisms. [4] | Sunlight; used by plants and absorbed by autotrophs; create organic compounds ingested by heterotrophs; detritivores ingest waste material |
| Define food chain. [1] | Shows relationship of energy transfer between species in a community |
| Define food web. [1] | Shows different food chains interconnected |
| Describe the different consumers in a food chain. [5] | Producer = first organism in food chain Primary consumer = consumes producer #ary consumer = consumes previous consumer Apex predator = top of food chain Decomposer = saprotroph |
| Explain how energy is released. [3] | Cellular respiration Heat (sweat) Excretion |
| State how much energy is stored in an organism. [1] | 25% |
| Explain how heat is lost from ecosystems. [2] | Organisms produce chemical energy that can be converted into exothermic reactions; these release thermal energy as a byproduct |
| Explain biomagnification and its effect on the environment. [2] | Increase of a substance in a trophic level Refers to the tendency of pollutants once they enter the food chain |
| Explain bioaccumulation and its effect on the environment. [2] | Increase of a substance in an organism Refers to how pollutants enter a food chain |
| Describe the role of autotrophs in the carbon cycle. [2] | Convent inorganic CO2 into organic compounds via photosynthesis. |
| Outline the production of methane from organic matter. [3] | Via methanogens (produce methane as byproduct of anaerobic) Hydrolysis > Acidogenesis > Acetogenesis > Methanogenesis Polymers > monomers > alcohol > acetate > methane |
| Outline the oxidation of methane. [2] | Naturally oxidized into CO2 and H2O |
| Describe how limestone acts as a carbon sink. [3] | Atmospheric CO2 is converted into bicarbonates in the ocean Bicarbonates are converted into calcium carbonate (limestone) |
| Describe the formation of peat and coal. [2] | Peat = organic matter not fully decomposed in waterlogged soil Coal = dry and compressed peat by atmosphere |
| Describe the formation of oil and gas. [2] | Result of decay on ocean floor Burnt into fossil fuels |
| Explain the greenhouse effect. [4] | Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere Longwave radiation reflects back on Earth Some reabsorbed by greenhouse gases Warms the Earth's surface |
| State the natural greenhouse gases present in the Earth's atmosphere. [2] | Water vapor Carbon dioxide |
| List the anthropomorphic greenhouse gases. [4] | Methane, Carbon dioxide (larger quantities), Nitrous oxide, Fluorinated gases |
| State the main man-made cause of enhanced greenhouse effect. [1] | Combustion |
| Explain the threats to coral reefs from increasing amounts of carbon dioxide. [4] | Less CO2 absorbed when temperature rises Forms hydrogen ions which lower ocean pH and less carbonate ions Less carbonate ions = less calcium carbonate Threaten viability of coral reefs |
Created by:
reisuwa
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