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1610 Ch. 10 Terms

1610 Biology: Ch. 10 Terms

QuestionAnswer
genome Originally, all the genetic material in a cell or individual organism.
histones Small, positively charged (basic) proteins in the cell nucleus that bind to the negatively charged DNA.
G2 phase Second gap phase within the interphase stage of the cell cycle; G2 occurs after DNA synthesis (S Phase) and before mitosis.
sister chromatids One of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome; the two chromatids that make up a chromosome are referred to as sister chromatids.
MTOC/microtubule-organizing center The region of the cell from which microtubules are anchored and possibly assembled.
metaphase The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up on the midplane of the cell.
anaphase Stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.
cell plate The structure that forms during cytokinesis in plants, separating the two daughter cells produced in mitosis.
clone A population of cells descended by mitotic division from a single ancestral cell.
diploid The condition of having two sets of chromosomes per nucleus.
crossing-over A process in which genetic material (DNA) is exchanged between paired, homologous chromosomes.
germ line cell In animals, a cell that is part of the line of cells that will ultimately undergo meiosis to form gametes.
alternation of generations A type of life cycle characteristic of plants and a few algae and fungi in which they spend part of their life in multicellular n gamete stage and part in multicellular 2n sporophyte stage.
chromosome Structures in the cells nucleus that consist of chromatin and contain the genes.
nucleosome Repeating units of chromatin structure, each consisting of a length of DNA wound around a complex of eight histone molecules.
interphase The stage of the cell cycle between successive mitotic divisions; its subdivisions are the G1 (first gap), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (second gap) phases.
mitosis The division of the cell nucleus resulting in two daughter nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
centromere A specialized constricted region of a chromatid; contains the kinetochore.
centriole One of a pair of small, cylindrical organelles lyinh at right angles to each other near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of animal cells and certain protist and plant cells.
telophase The last stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II when, having reached the poles, chromosomes become decondensed, and a nuclear envelope forms around each group.
cyclins Regulatory proteins whose levels oscillate during the cell cycle; activate cyclin-dependent kinases.
gametes A sex cell; in plants and animals; and egg or a sperm; union of two of these results in a zygote.
haploid The condition of having one set of chromosomes per nucleus.
genetic recombination The appearance of new gene combination's.
gametogenesis The process of gamete formation.
sporophyte generation The 2n, spore-producing, stage cycle in the life cycle of a plant.
chromatin The complex of DNA and protein that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
scaffolding proteins (1) Proteins that organize groups of intracellular signaling molecules into signaling complexes. (2) Nonhistone proteins that help maintain the structure of a chromosome.
G1 Phase The first gap phase within the interphase stage of the cell cycle; G1 occurs before DNA synthesis (S Phase) begins.
prophase The first stage of mitosis. Chromosomes become visible as distinct structures, nuclear envelope breaks down, and a spindle forms.
kinetochore The portion of the chromosome centromere to which the mitotic spindle fibers attach.
pericentriolar material Fibrils surrounding the centrioles in the microtubule-organizing centers in the cells of animals and other organisms having centrioles.
cytokinesis Stage of cell division in which the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells.
asexual reproduction Reproduction in which there is no fusion of gametes and in which the genetic makeup of parent and of offspring is usually identical.
zygote The 2n cell that results from the union of n gametes in sexual reproduction.
polyploid The condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes per nucleus.
tetrad The chromosome complex formed by the synapsis pf a pair of homologous chromosomes (i.e., four chromatids) during meiotic prophase I.
chiasma An X-shaped site in the tetrad (bivalent) usually marking the location where homologous (non-sister) chromatids previously crossed over.
interkinesis The stage between meiosis I and meiosis II.
spermatogenesis The production of male gametes (sperm) by meiosis and subsequent cell differentiation.
gametophyte generation The n, gamete-producing stage in the life cycle of a plant.
gene A segment of DNA that serves as a unit of hereditary information; includes a transcribable DNA sequence that yields a protein or RNA product with a specific function.
cell cycle Cyclic series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell; consists of mitosis, cytokinesis, and the stages of interphase.
S phase Stage in interphase of the cell cycle during which DNA and other chromosomal constituents are synthesized.
mitotic spindle Structure consisting mainly of microtubules that provides the framework for chromosome movement during cell division.
asters Clusters of microtubules radiating out from the poles in dividing cells that have centrioles.
cleavage furrow A constricted region of the cytoplasm that forms and progressively deepens during cytokinesis of animal cells, thereby seperating the two daughter cells.
sexual reproduction A type of reproduction in which two gametes (usually, but not necessarily, contributed by two different parents)fuse to form a zygote.
homologous chromosomes Chromosomes that are similiar in morphology and genetic constitution.
meiosis Process in which a 2n cell undergoes two successive nuclear divisions, potentially producing four n nuclei; leads to formation of gametes in animals and spores in plants.
synapsis The process of physical association of homologous chromosomes during prophase I and meiosis.
synaptonemal complex The structure, visible with the electron microscope, produced when homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis.
somatic cell In animals, a cell of the body not involved in formation of gametes.
oogenesis Production of female gametes (eggs) by meiosis.
Created by: Grace Perry
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