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1610 Ch. 10 Terms
1610 Biology: Ch. 10 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genome | Originally, all the genetic material in a cell or individual organism. |
| histones | Small, positively charged (basic) proteins in the cell nucleus that bind to the negatively charged DNA. |
| G2 phase | Second gap phase within the interphase stage of the cell cycle; G2 occurs after DNA synthesis (S Phase) and before mitosis. |
| sister chromatids | One of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome; the two chromatids that make up a chromosome are referred to as sister chromatids. |
| MTOC/microtubule-organizing center | The region of the cell from which microtubules are anchored and possibly assembled. |
| metaphase | The stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up on the midplane of the cell. |
| anaphase | Stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. |
| cell plate | The structure that forms during cytokinesis in plants, separating the two daughter cells produced in mitosis. |
| clone | A population of cells descended by mitotic division from a single ancestral cell. |
| diploid | The condition of having two sets of chromosomes per nucleus. |
| crossing-over | A process in which genetic material (DNA) is exchanged between paired, homologous chromosomes. |
| germ line cell | In animals, a cell that is part of the line of cells that will ultimately undergo meiosis to form gametes. |
| alternation of generations | A type of life cycle characteristic of plants and a few algae and fungi in which they spend part of their life in multicellular n gamete stage and part in multicellular 2n sporophyte stage. |
| chromosome | Structures in the cells nucleus that consist of chromatin and contain the genes. |
| nucleosome | Repeating units of chromatin structure, each consisting of a length of DNA wound around a complex of eight histone molecules. |
| interphase | The stage of the cell cycle between successive mitotic divisions; its subdivisions are the G1 (first gap), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (second gap) phases. |
| mitosis | The division of the cell nucleus resulting in two daughter nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. |
| centromere | A specialized constricted region of a chromatid; contains the kinetochore. |
| centriole | One of a pair of small, cylindrical organelles lyinh at right angles to each other near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of animal cells and certain protist and plant cells. |
| telophase | The last stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II when, having reached the poles, chromosomes become decondensed, and a nuclear envelope forms around each group. |
| cyclins | Regulatory proteins whose levels oscillate during the cell cycle; activate cyclin-dependent kinases. |
| gametes | A sex cell; in plants and animals; and egg or a sperm; union of two of these results in a zygote. |
| haploid | The condition of having one set of chromosomes per nucleus. |
| genetic recombination | The appearance of new gene combination's. |
| gametogenesis | The process of gamete formation. |
| sporophyte generation | The 2n, spore-producing, stage cycle in the life cycle of a plant. |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and protein that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. |
| scaffolding proteins | (1) Proteins that organize groups of intracellular signaling molecules into signaling complexes. (2) Nonhistone proteins that help maintain the structure of a chromosome. |
| G1 Phase | The first gap phase within the interphase stage of the cell cycle; G1 occurs before DNA synthesis (S Phase) begins. |
| prophase | The first stage of mitosis. Chromosomes become visible as distinct structures, nuclear envelope breaks down, and a spindle forms. |
| kinetochore | The portion of the chromosome centromere to which the mitotic spindle fibers attach. |
| pericentriolar material | Fibrils surrounding the centrioles in the microtubule-organizing centers in the cells of animals and other organisms having centrioles. |
| cytokinesis | Stage of cell division in which the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells. |
| asexual reproduction | Reproduction in which there is no fusion of gametes and in which the genetic makeup of parent and of offspring is usually identical. |
| zygote | The 2n cell that results from the union of n gametes in sexual reproduction. |
| polyploid | The condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes per nucleus. |
| tetrad | The chromosome complex formed by the synapsis pf a pair of homologous chromosomes (i.e., four chromatids) during meiotic prophase I. |
| chiasma | An X-shaped site in the tetrad (bivalent) usually marking the location where homologous (non-sister) chromatids previously crossed over. |
| interkinesis | The stage between meiosis I and meiosis II. |
| spermatogenesis | The production of male gametes (sperm) by meiosis and subsequent cell differentiation. |
| gametophyte generation | The n, gamete-producing stage in the life cycle of a plant. |
| gene | A segment of DNA that serves as a unit of hereditary information; includes a transcribable DNA sequence that yields a protein or RNA product with a specific function. |
| cell cycle | Cyclic series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell; consists of mitosis, cytokinesis, and the stages of interphase. |
| S phase | Stage in interphase of the cell cycle during which DNA and other chromosomal constituents are synthesized. |
| mitotic spindle | Structure consisting mainly of microtubules that provides the framework for chromosome movement during cell division. |
| asters | Clusters of microtubules radiating out from the poles in dividing cells that have centrioles. |
| cleavage furrow | A constricted region of the cytoplasm that forms and progressively deepens during cytokinesis of animal cells, thereby seperating the two daughter cells. |
| sexual reproduction | A type of reproduction in which two gametes (usually, but not necessarily, contributed by two different parents)fuse to form a zygote. |
| homologous chromosomes | Chromosomes that are similiar in morphology and genetic constitution. |
| meiosis | Process in which a 2n cell undergoes two successive nuclear divisions, potentially producing four n nuclei; leads to formation of gametes in animals and spores in plants. |
| synapsis | The process of physical association of homologous chromosomes during prophase I and meiosis. |
| synaptonemal complex | The structure, visible with the electron microscope, produced when homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis. |
| somatic cell | In animals, a cell of the body not involved in formation of gametes. |
| oogenesis | Production of female gametes (eggs) by meiosis. |
Created by:
Grace Perry
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