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LE Review VOCAB
ALL Vocab Living Envrionment Regents Review
| Abiotic | Non living |
| Active transport | The process by which cells use energy to transport molecules through the cell membrane from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration |
| Adaptation | A characteristic that something has that helps them to survive in their environment. Adaptations are caused by random mutation, they are not caused by the envrionment |
| Adaptive Value | A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce |
| Aerobic Respiration | Requires oxygen to produce 36 ATP (energy molecules), takes place in the mitochondria, produces waste products of water and carbon dioxide |
| AIDS | The disease that results when the HIV virus attacks the human immune system |
| Allele | one of two or more versions of a gene |
| Allergy | A condition in which a persons immune system is overly sensitive to the environmental substances that are normally harmless |
| Amino acids | Any one of several building blocks of proteins |
| Anaerobic Respiration | without oxygen, produces 2 ATP (energy) takes place in the cytoplasm,produces, carbon dioxide, water and lactic acid as waste products |
| Ancestry | shown in cladograms or family tree |
| Antibodies | A protein produced by the immune system that either attacks invading pathogens or marks them for killing |
| Antigen | A molecule found on the outer surfaces of cells the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside invader |
| asexual reproduction | a method of reproduction in which all the genes passed on to the offspring come from a single individual or parent |
| Assumption | Something accepted to be true but subject to change |
| ATP | A compound that stores energy in cells |
| Autotroph | Plants and Algae that can produce their own food by photosynthesis. Sometimes called producers . |
| Bacteria | Any one of many single celled organisms without a distinct nucleus |
| Balance (the measurement tool) | A tool that measures mass |
| Bias | A tendency to favor something: Prejudice |
| Binary Fission | The splitting of a parent cell into two equal parts. Examples: Bacteria, Ameoba, Paramecium |
| Biochemical processes | A chemical process that occurs in a living thing |
| Biodiversity | the variety of species in an area. more biodiversity the more stable the ecosystem |
| Biosphere | All the life on earth |
| Biotechnology | the combination of technology and biological sciences |
| Biotic | Living |
| Birth | The time in which the fetus is born |
| Blood | Substance in the body that transports materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, and hormones. Part of the circulatory system |
| body cell | non-reproductive cells in an individual such as skin, liver, and muscle cells, body cells, contain the full number of chromosome, typical of species |
| bond | the chemical like between atoms that hold molecules together |
| Budding | a new individual develops from an outgrowth on the body of a plant or lower level organism. Examples: Hydra, Yeast, Sponges, Plants |
| Cancer | occurs when certain genetic mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division. Cancer can be caused either by heredity or environmental factors like radiation, chemicals or virus |
| Carbohydrate | made from simple sugars (like glucose) and they supply energy Example: fruit |
| Carbon oxygen cycle | photosynthesis and respiration |
| Carnivore | Something that eats other animals for food |
| Carrying Capasity | The largest population of any species in an area. |
| Catalyst | A substance that can speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed or used up during the reaction |
| Cell | The basic unit of structure and function that make up all organisms |
| Cell membrane | The thin boundary between the cell and its environment |
| Cell respiration | The process in which nutrients are broken apart, releasing the chemical energy stored in them |
| Cell Wall | Only found in plant cells; provides the cell with it's shape and protection |
| Cellular respiration | The process in which nutrients are broken apart releasing the chemical energy stored in them |
| Cellular respiration | The process of converting simple sugars and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy |
| Characteristics of life (life proceses) | Life process that are used to describe if somthing is "alive" In order to be alive you must be able to 1 - Reproduce, 2- Grow and Develop, 3 - Respond to stimuli , 4 - use energy , 5 - Made of cells, 6- Maintain homeostasis |
| Chlorophyll | The green pigment found in chloroplasts |
| Chloroplast | The green organelle that contains chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place (it looks like a bean full of pancakes) |
| Chromatid | duplicated chromosome that is condensed (tightly packed together). |
| Chromatin | loosely packed DNA. |
| chromosome | a thick threadlike structure that contains genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced |
| Chromotography | A lab technique used to seperate pigments by their color |
| Circulation | The flow of materials within a cell as well as between parts of a multicellular organism |
| Circulatory System | Carries gases and nutrients throughout the body. Similar to cytoplasm, ER, Golgi body |
| Climate | The long term pattern of weather conditions in a region |
| clone | an organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced |
| cloning | a technique used to make identicle organisms |
| Commensalism | An interspecies interaction in which one organism benefits, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed (+, 0) |
| Community | All the living things in an area |
| Competition | the struggle between organisms for access to limited resources in an envrionment |
| Conculsion | A decision made about an outcome of an experiment |
| Constants | factors in an experiment that are kept the same and not allowed to change |
| Consumer | Something that has to eat other living things for food. Sometimes called a heterotroph Oppsite of a producer. |
| Contolled Experiment | An experiment which all variables - except for the ones being tested - are kept the same. |
| Control | a group in an experiment that does not recieve experimental conditions. EX; Your testing how light effects plant growh, a plant in normal light conditons is the control. A plant that gets no light is the experimental group |
| Control Group | “Normal” group. Should be identical to experimental group in every way except one: it does not receive the treatment |
| Controlled Experiment | Compares the results of an experiment between two (or more) groups. |
| Cytoplasm | The jelly like substance that is between the cell membrane and the nucleus and that contains specialized structures |
| Data | results of a test that was completed during an experiment |
| Decomposer | Something that comsumes dead and decaying things for food. Decomposers are important for recycling materials |
| Deforsitation | Forest destruction as a result of human activity. |
| Dependent Varible | the explerimental variable that is being measured. example: your doing an experiment measuring how light effects plant growth. The dependent variable in this case is how much the plant grows |
| Desert | A biome characterized by a very dry, arid climate |
| development | the changes that occur from the fertilized egg to a complete individual; occurs by mitosis and differentiation of cells |
| Dichotomous Key | a guide that compares pairs of observable traits to help the user identify an orgnaism |
| differentiation | the process that transforms developing cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from areas of concentration to areas of low concentration |
| Digestion | The process that breaks down large food molecules that the organism can use |
| Digestive System | Breaks down food into nutrients and puts them in the blood stream. Similar to vacuoles and lysosomes |
| Diploid | two complete sets of chromosomes; one from each parent. In a human, the diploid number is 46. |
| Direct Harvesting | The destruction of an organism by removing it from its habitat. |
| Disease | Caused by pathogens |
| Disease | A condition other then injure that prevents the body working as it normally should |
| Dissection | The act of cutting apart a dead organism to examine its internal structure |
| DNA | the material found in all cells that contains genetic information about that organism |
| Dominant | The trait that powers over the other. |
| Dynamic equilibrium | The constant small corrections that normally occur to keep an organism internal environment within the limits needed for survival = HOMEOSTASIS |
| Ecological Niche | The specific roll or job an organism playing in its community. |
| Ecological Succession | The process by which a ecosystem forms or is replaced by another community. 1 pioneer species, small grasses and mossses -> 2 Intermediate species, meduim shrubs some herbivores -> 3 Climax commuity stable and biodiverse |
| Ecology | The study of how living things interact with one another |
| Ecosystem | All the living and nonliving things in an area |
| Egg | Female Gamete/ sex cell, Haploid - contains half the normal chromosomes |
| egg | a sex cell produced by a female |
| Electronic Balance | a tool to measure mass |
| Electrophoresis | A lab test that allows scientists to compare DNA of differnent individuals. the more bands in common the more closly related you are |
| embryo | an organism in the early stages of development (prior to birth) |
| Embryo | an organism in the early stages of development (prior to birth) |
| Emigration | The movement of individuals out of a population and into another |
| Endocrine System | Slow control of the functioning of all body systems. Similar to the nucleus. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Follows instructions from the nucleus to make proteins. Think of it as a large factory! |
| Energy flow | the movement of energy through an ecosystem. Sun -> producers -> herbivores -> carnivores -> decomposers Energy can not be recycled and is lost at each level |
| Energy Pyramid | Diagram showing how energy moves through an ecosystem. Lower levels have the most energy, only about 10% of the energy gets passed up to the next level |
| Envrionement | All living and nonliving things in an ecosystem |
| Enzyme | Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in living things. work because of their shape! Lock and key model |
| estrogen | a hormone (produced by the ovaries) that controls female sexual development and the reproductive process |
| Evidence | support for the idea that something is true |
| Evolution | Long term process of organisms changing over time |
| Excretion | The removal of all the wastes produced by the cells of the body |
| Excretory System | Removes waste from the blood stream and then away from the body. Similar to the cell membrane or vacuole. |
| Experiment | A series of trials or tests that are done to support or refute a hypothesis |
| Experimental Group | Group being tested or receiving treatment. (ex: new drug) |
| Expressed | The way a gene is shown on an individual. A gene that is expressed can be seen Example: curly hair. An unexpressed or not expressed gene exists but is not showing up |
| External Fertilization | the process that combines a sperm and an egg cell outside an organism |
| Extintion | the disaperance of all members of a particular species from earth |
| Feedback mechanism | A cycle in which an output of assistant either modifies or reinforces the first action taken by the system. |
| fertilization | the process that combines and egg cell and a sperm cell |
| fetus | the unborn, developing young of an animal during the later stages of develpoment |
| Finite | Limited, able to be used up |
| Food Chain | A diagrm showing feeding relationships between organims |
| Food Web | A diagram showing may interconected food chains including the realtionships between producers, comsumers and decomposers. More accture then a food chain. |
| Fossil fuel | A non renuable source of energy humans use to make electricty. Buring coal, oil, natrual gas. They release CO2 into the atomsphere |
| Fossil Record | A collection of fossils used to understand the history of life on earth |
| Fungi | A kingdom of organisims that are decomposers, they have cell walls but are not plants |
| gamete | an egg or sperm cell; a sex cell, Contain 1/2 the the normal # of chromosomes |
| Gas Exchange | the process of bringing in and relasing gasses from the envrionment. Plants bring in CO2 and release O2 Animals bring in O2 and release CO2 |
| gene expression | see expressed; the result of activated genes |
| Genes | A section of DNA that codes for a specfic trait |
| Genetic Engineering | A set of technology that is used by humans to alter a specific gene. Genetic engineering alters a specifc gene or trait. using bacteria to make insulin is a common example of genetic engineering on your regents |
| Genetic trees | a tree that shows genetic relationships. The more closly related the closer they are linked at the top of the tree |
| Genetic Variation | normal differences amoung individuals in a population |
| Genetics | The study of genes and heredity. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of a cell or organism; usually referring to a specific characteristic. Written using letters Tt, TT, tt |
| Gentic Recombination | Recombining or mixing genes during sexual reproduction |
| Geologic time | earths history perserved in layers of rock |
| Global Warming | An increse in earths temperature caused by greenhouse gases |
| Glucose | Organic molecule used by living things to make energy (ATP). Produced during Photosynthesis. (C6H12O6) |
| Golgi Apparatus | packs and ships molecules like proteins and lipids (fats). Think packaging plant! |
| Graduated Cylinder | A tool for measuring the volume of a liquid |
| Grassland | A biome where the primary plat life is grass |
| Growth | Increase in size, change in shape/ function. Increase in cells due to mitosis (mitotic division) |
| Guard Cells | Plant cells that are on the outside of the stomta thay control gas exchange. |
| Habitat | The area where an organism lives |
| Habitat Destruction | destroying part of the natural environment |
| Haploid | Unpaired chromosomes; 1/2 number of chromosomes. In a human the haploid number is 23. |
| Herbivore | Something that only eats plants. Sometimes called a primary comusmer. |
| Heredity | the passing of traits from parent to offspring |
| Heterotroph | Something that must eat other living things for energy. Sometimes called a consumer |
| Heterozygous | When the two alleles are DIFFERENT |
| Homeostasis | Sometimes called Dynamic Equlibrium. The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions even when the external environment changes |
| Homologus | a matching pair of chromosomes; one from each parent. Each chromosome has a similar shape, size and markings |
| Homozygous | When the two alleles are the SAME |
| Hormone | A chemical produced in the endocrine glands |
| Host | Organim in a parasitic relationship that provides a home or food for the parasite |
| Hypothesis | a statement that predicts the outcome of an experiment |
| Immigration | The movement of individuals into a population from another population |
| Immune System | The bodies system of defence. Made up of white blood cells, and antigens. |
| Immunity | The bodys ablilty to destroy pathogens before they cause disease |
| Independent varible | the experimental variable that is being changeed. Example: ex: your doing an experiment measuring how light effects plant growth. The independent variable in this case is how much light the plant gets |
| Indicator | A chemical that changes colors when a specific substance is present. Starch indicator turns from amber to purple/black when starch is present glucose indicator turns from blue to orange when glucose is present |
| Industrialization | The process of large scale manufacturing by humans. |
| Inference | A conclusion based on observation or evidence. |
| Inference | a conclusion based on observations |
| Inorganic | a type of molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen but can contain any other combination of elements. |
| Inorganic molecules | Do not contain all three: Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen Examples: H2O, CO2 |
| Insulin | A hormone secreted from the pancreas that prompts glucose to move from the blood into body cells, resulting in lower glucose levels in the blood. |
| Insulin | Hormone produced by the pancreas that maintains the bodies blood sugar level. Insulin brings blood sugar down Glucogon brings blood sugar up |
| Internal fertilization | the process that combines a sperm and an egg cell inside an organism |
| Invasive Species | A species that is not local to the area and causing problems by out competing local species |
| Invasive Species | not normally found in an environment Ex. Purple Loosestrife, zebra mussels, dandelions |
| Keystone Species | Organism that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem, their removal causes a trophic cascade |
| Lactic Acid | A waste product produced during anaerobic respiration; usually the cause of muscle cramps after exercising. |
| Light microscope | A lab tool that is used to view tiny things |
| Limiting Factors | Any factor in the envrioment, biotic or abiotic, that limits the size of a population |
| Lipid | made from fatty acids and glycerol and store energy Example: oil |
| Lock and Key Model | the shape of the active site on the enzyme matches up with the shape of the substrates |
| Lysosomes | break down waste. Think of them as a garbage truck or recycling center! |
| Magnification | The ability for a microscope to make an object appear larger |
| Mass | A measure of how much stuff is inside an object |
| meiosis/ Meiotic division | the process that results in the production of sex cells |
| Metabolisim | All the chemical reactions in your body |
| Metric ruler | a tool for measuring distance |
| Microbe | a microscopic orgnaism |
| Microscope | a tool for used to magnify an object |
| Mitochondria | THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL! it makes energy by turning glucose and oxygen into ATP. During Cellular Respiration |
| mitosis | the process that divides the cells nuclues into 2 each with a compelete set of genetic material freom the parent cells |
| Model | a represention used to explain a process or structure |
| mRNA | "messenger" takes information from the DNA to the RNA |
| Mutation | When DNA gets changed or altered. Mutations are not always bad. Mutations happen randomly! |
| Mutualism | An interspecies interaction in which both organisms benefit from one another (+, +) |
| Natural Selection | The process by which the organisims that are best adapted to the envrionment survive to reproduce. |
| Negative Feedback Loop | controls hormone levels to maintain homeostasis |
| Nervous System | Fast control of the functioning of all body systems. Similar to the nucleus. |
| Niche | The specific role played by an organism in the ecosystem |
| Nitrogen Cycle | N2, Nitrogen fixing bacteria, plants, animals, waste |
| Nonrenuable Resource | A resource that can be used up |
| Nuclear Fuel | energy source that involves the spliting of atoms |
| Nucleic Acids | made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA |
| Nucleus | Large cell organelle that contains DNA is is the cells control center |
| Nutrition | Autotrophs make their own food, while heterotrophs eat other organisms. |
| Observation | any information that is collected with your senses |
| Omnivore | A consumer that eats both consumers and producers |
| Opinion | an idea that someone has that may or may not be based in fact |
| Organ | Body structure made of tissues |
| Organ System | Several organs that work together to preform a major body function. (Digestive, Circulatory, Respriatory, Nervous, Endocrine, Reproductive, Integumentary, Muscloskeletal) |
| Organelle | Cell structure that carrys out a cellular function. |
| Organic | Molecules that contain Hydrogen and Carbon. (molecules that are used in living things) |
| Organization of Living Things (Smallest to Biggest) | cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ systems --> organism |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water into or out of the cell. If water diffuses into the cell, the cell swells (get larger) and may burst. If it loses water (being put in salt water for example) it will shrivel up. |
| ovaries | the organ of the human female reproductive system that produces an egg cell, the female gamete |
| Overproduction | Orgnaisms numbers incresing above their carrying capacity. Creates competition and causes natural selection |
| Oviduct | the part of the female reproductive system where the egg cell is fertilized by the sperm |
| Ozone Shield | a layer of gas at the top of earths atomsphere that protects earth from the suns radiation |
| Pancreas | Endocrine organ that makes insulin |
| Parasite | An organism that survives by living in or on another organsim. Causes harm but does not intenionally kill the host |
| Parasitism | An interspecies interaction in which one organism benefits , while the other is harmed (+, -) |
| Pathogen | An organism that invades the body. (virus, bacteria, Fungi, parasite) |
| Pathogens | Bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites |
| Peer review | a process where scientists examine, the data and experimental design of each others work. |
| pH | a measure of whether a substance is acidic or basic |
| Phenotype | The outward appearance of an organism Ex. Brown eyes, blond hair, freckles etc. |
| Photosynthesis | the cellular process of turning carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Done by plants occurs in the Chloroplast CO2 + H2O. --> C6H12O6 + O2 |
| Photosynthesis | Sun's Energy + Carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + water + oxygen. |
| Photosynthesis products | C6H12O6= Glucose and O2= oxygen |
| Photosynthesis reactants | CO2= Carbon dioxide, H2O= water, Sunglight |
| Pioneer Species | Organism that is the first to live in a previously uninhabited area, Typically Lichen, Moss or grasses |
| placenta | the organ that enables nuterients and oxygen to pass from the mothers blood to the fetus, and waste products to pass from the fetus to the mothers blood |
| Pollution | a harmful substance that is being released into the envrionment |
| Population | All the individuals of a species in a given area |
| Predator | animal that hunts and kills other animals |
| Predator - Prey relationship | An ecological relationship in which one organims consumes another. (+, -) |
| Prey | An animal that is hunted and killed by predators |
| Primary Consumer | The first consuming organism in a food chain, that makes up the second trophic level |
| Primary Succession | The establishment and development of an ecosystem in an area that was previously uninhabited |
| Producer | An organism that makes its own food from light energy and inorganic materials; an autotroph |
| Products | what is made or produced (to the right of the arrow in an equation) |
| Products of cellular respiration Hint: Think of what you give off by exercising and breathing | CO2= Carbon dioxide, H20= water, ATP= Energy |
| progesterone | a hormone associated with sexual development and the reproductive system |
| Propagation | The production of new plants from the roots, stems, or leaves of the parent plant. Examples: Stem cutting, Tuber, Bulb, Runners |
| Protein | made from amino acids and make hormones Example: meat |
| Reactants | Raw materials( to the left of the arrow in an equation) |
| Reactants of cellular respiration Hint: Think of what you take in by breathing and eating | C6H12O6= Glucose, O2= Oxygen |
| Receotor Molecule | Protein molecules on the cell membrane that can send and recieve signals from other cells. |
| Recessive | The trait that is hidden behind the dominant trait. This trait is only expressed when there is one allele from mom and one allele from dad. |
| Recombination | Mixing of genetic material from sperm and egg to get new genetic combinations and unique offspring |
| Regeneration | The replacement, or regrowth of lost or damaged body parts. Examples: Sea Star (Star fish), Lobster, Lizards |
| Regulation | coordination and control of other life functions. |
| Renewable Resource | a resource that can be replenished over time |
| Replicate | to copy. Often used when dicussing cell division when referring to DNA copying itself |
| Reproduction | Process by which organisims produce more organisms of the same type |
| Reserch Plan | Part of research process that involves finding backround information and designing an exeriment |
| Respiration | The cellular process of breaking down Glucose to make create energy in the form of ATP. Releases CO2 Done by all things plants and animals, in the mitochondira C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + ATP |
| Respiratory System | Exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen. Similar to the cell membrane |
| Ribosome | Cell organelle that is used for protein synthesis |
| RNA | used for making proteins, DNA gets copied into RNA to be used as intstructions for the amino acids needed to create a protien |
| rRNA | Makes up the ribosome |
| Scavenger | A carnivore that feeds on dead things. |
| Scientific Literacy | a basic knowledge of the natural world and an understanding of how scientists gain knowledge |
| Secondary Consumer | The second consuming organism in a food chain, that makes up the third trophic level |
| Secondary Succession | The reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact |
| Selective Breeding | When humans chose orgnisims with desirable traits and breed them. |
| Sex cell | cell that contains 1/2 the normal DNA. Egg & Sperm. Haploid cell sometimes represented as "n" |
| Sexual Reproduction | A Method of reproduction that involves two parents and the recombination of genes to make genetically unique offspring |
| Simple Sugar | The monomer of carbohydrates results from the digestion of starches. (glucose) |
| Species | a group of organisms that share characteristics and can mate with one another |
| Sperm | Male gamete or sex cell, haploid - containing half the DNA |
| Stain | a chemical used to to make cell structrues more visible |
| Starch | A polysaccharide which is too large to cross the cell membrane; made of many sugars. Turns puple when indicator is present. |
| Sterosioscope | a microscope with two eye pieces used for dissections |
| Stimuli | A change in the envrionment to causes an orgnaism to react |
| Stoma | Opening found in chloroplasts that allow the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the chloroplast |
| Subunit | The section of DNA that contains sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base |
| Succession | The sequence of biotic changes that regenerate a damaged community or create a community in a previously uninhabited area |
| Surface receptor proteins | a molecule found on the cell membrane that the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside invader |
| Symbiosis | A close ecological relationship between two or more organisms of different species that live in direct contact with one another |
| Synthesis | A life process that means to make things. Protein synthesis = cells making protein |
| Template | a pattern for a new molecule. The DNA unzips and each half is used as a template for base paring to make new DNA |
| Tertiary Consumer | The third consuming organism in a food chain, that makes up the fourth trophic level |
| Testes | Male reproductive organ used for sperm production |
| Teststostrone | Hormone associated with development of male reproductive development. (females also contain some testostrone just in lower levels) |
| Theory | An explination supported by many scientific observations and studies. (theory in science means something has TONS of support and if all but proven to be true) |
| Tissue | A group of specalized cells that preform a function |
| Trade-off | an exchange or compriomise |
| Traits | Characteristics coded by the DNA that can be passed down |
| Transport | Materials moving throughout our bodies |
| Triple - Beam Balace | a tool for measuring mass |
| tRNA | Brings Amino acids to ribsomes to assemble a protein |
| Trophic level | The level of nourishment in a food chain or food web |
| Tundra | a biome found at latitudes where winters last as long as ten months a year |
| Umbilical Cord | connects the embryo to the placenta that carries essential materials to the fetus |
| Uterus | Organ, in female organisims, where embryos implant and develop into fetuses. |
| Vaccination | made of a weakened or dead virus that triggers our white blood cells to produce antibodies to fight a specific pathogen |
| Vaccine | A preventive medicine that typically contains a weakened or dead form of a viruses antibodyes allowing the body to learn how to identify and fight off the sickness in advance. Vaccines do not work on bacteria only viruses |
| Vacoule | Organelles that store things, Typically water. Plants cells have a large central vacoule |
| Vacuole | store waste and water |
| Variation | differences among organisms in a species (sexually reproducing organisms have more variation than asexually reproducing organisms) |
| Variation | Differences between individuals in a popuation. |
| Virus | A non-living particle of protein that reproduces by infecting living cells. |
| Water cycle | the movement of water thorugh an ecosystem |
| What is the purpose of DNA | instructions to make proteins. Those proteins then make you. |
| White bloods Cells | Produce antibodies needed to fight infections |
| Zygote | The cell that results from joining of sperm and egg cells. |
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