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WAHS TAKS Science #4
*WAHS TAKS Science: Physics & Power
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Force | push or pull that one body exerts on another |
| Thrust Force | the pushing that one body exerts on another |
| Net Force | the sum total of several forces pushing or pulling with or against each other |
| Inertia | the tendency of any body to resist any change in motion |
| Kinetic Energy | energy in motion, based on mass and velocity |
| Potential Energy | energy stored due to its position |
| Chemical Energy | energy stored in chemical bonds |
| Gravitational Energy | anything that could potentially fall (go into motion) |
| Electrical Energy | the energy in electricity |
| Thermal Energy | the energy in heat |
| Mechanical Energy | the sum of potential and kinetic energy in a system |
| Friction | force that opposes motion between two surfaces |
| Motion | movement of a mass |
| Joules | the basic unit for measuring Energy |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Law of Conservation of Mass/Energy; energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one state to another |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | heat can spontaneously flow from a higher-temperature region to a lower-temperature region, but not the other way around |
| Nuclear Fission/Fusion | two methods for converting mass into energy |
| Speed/Velocity | how far something goes (Distance) in a certain amount of time (Time) |
| Momentum | Mass times Velocity |
| Acceleration | the Change in Velocity divided by Time |
| Work | Force times Distance |
| Power | Work divided by Time |
| Newton’s First Law of Motion | "An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an external force" |
| Newton’s Second Law of Motion | "Force equals mass times acceleration" |
| Newton’s Third Law of Motion | "To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction" |
| Machine Efficiency | tools used to reduce work load, or force |
| Levers | a bar that is free to run about a fixed point |
| Pulleys | a grooved wheel with a rope, chain, or cable |
| Wheels & Axles | two wheels of different sizes that rotate together |
| Ramps/Inclined Planes | sloping surfaces that reduce the energy workload |
| Screw | an inclined plane wrapped in a spiral around a center post |
| Wedge | an inclined plane with two sloping sides to re-direct force |
| Motors | compound machines, made up of several simple machines |
| Waves | a repeated disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space |
| Waveform Properties | amplitude (the energy carried by a wave) and frequency (how many wavelengths pass a fixed point every second) |
| Waveform Parts | crests (top) and troughs (bottom) |
| Echo Formation | producing sound waves that are reflected back to their origin |
| Reflection | when a wave bounces off a surface at the exact same (but opposite) angle |
| Refraction | the bending of a wave when it moves (changes speed) through a different stage of matter (gas or liquid, usually) |
| Diffraction | when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it |
| Specular Reflection | the mirror-like reflection of light/wave from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction (a ray) is reflected into a single outgoing direction |
| Diffuse Reflection | where incoming light is reflected in a broad range of directions. |
| Interference | when two or more waves overlap or combine to form a new wave |
| Constructive interference | the waves add together |
| Destructive Interference | the waves subtract from each other |
| Polarization | waves vibrating in only one direction |
| Resonance | when an object vibrates by absorbing energy at its natural frequency |
| Magnification | curved surfaces (lenses) that change the appearance of light |
| Convex | a lens that is curved outward |
| Concave | a lens that is curved inward |
| Thermal | relating to heat energy |
| Movement of Heat in Matter | Solids (slower movement of heat energy), Liquids (faster movement), Gases (fastest, easiest movement) |
| Convection | the transfer of energy in a fluid by the movement of heated particles |
| Conduction | the transfer of energy through direct contact of particles |
| Radiation | the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves |
| Insulation | material that does not allow heat to move through it easily |
| Transparent vs. Opaque | see-through versus can’t-see-through |
| Energy Sources | solar, water, wind, geothermal, agricultural (plants alive), biomass (plants processed), waves/tides, nuclear, human |
| Batteries | storage centers for DC energy/electricity |
Created by:
macespace
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