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Exam #4
Inheritance and Cell Cycle, Cancer, Muscular System, & Reproductive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the BrCa1 case study? | A tumor suppressor gene that stops cell cycle if the DNA is damaged. If BrCa1 is mutated, it can lead to uncontrolled cell division leading to a tumor formation and cancer. |
| What is the p53 tumor suppressor gene? | Gene therapy, retrovirus injected into the body. Infects and kills tumor cells. |
| What is the Rb tumor suppressor gene? | Associated with an eye tumor. |
| What is mitosis? | 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total, diploid(2n), cell division. |
| What is meiosis? | Gametes (sperm and egg cells), haploid(n), 23 chromosomes, during fertilization (23 from egg, 23 from sperm), 46 in zygote. Reduction in cell division. |
| What is the cell cycle? (two parts) | Interphase and Cell Division |
| What is interphase? | Time when the cell is not dividing. G1 stage: cell doubles its organelles and doubles in size S stage: DNA replication occurs G2 stage: proteins needed for division are synthesized |
| What is cell division? | Mitosis: nuclear division Cytokinesis: cytoplasmic division |
| What are the different parts of S phase? | When DNA is replicated. |
| What are the steps in control of the cell cycle? | Checkpoints; delays cell cycle and checks for mutations. G1: main checkpoint, cell commits to divide if passed G2: mitosis checkpoint, if passed goes to mitosis M: spindle assembly checkpoint during mitosis. |
| If the DNA is damaged (mutated), what occurs? | The repair is not possible and then apoptosis occurs, which is programmed cell death. |
| End of Inheritance and Cell Cycle | End of Inheritance and Cell Cycle |
| What are the 7 characteristics of cancer? | 1. Lack differentiation and do not contribute to body functions 2. Have abnormal/enlarged nuclei or abnormal chromosomes. 3. Unlimited ability to divide. 4. Form tumors. 5. Can divide without growth factors. 6. Become abnormal through multi-stages |
| What is the seventh characteristic of cancer? | Undergo angiogenesis and metastasis |
| What are Henrietta Lacks cells? | Hela cells are cervical cancer cells. Tests whether a cell line is cancerous or not. |
| What is the nephroblastoma case study? | Wilms tumor, malignant kidney tumors. |
| What is a benign tumor? | Encapsulated and don't invade tissues. |
| What is a malignant tumor? | Cells that grow uncontrollably and spread. |
| What are proto-oncogenes? | Products that promote the cell cycle and prevent cell death. |
| What are tumor suppressor genes? | Products that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis. |
| What are some environmental carcinogens? | 1. Radiation (sun tanning, tanning beds, x-rays) 2. Smoking (lung cancer) #1 cancer death for both sexes 3. Viruses: HPV (cervical cancer) 4. Pollutants: pesticides |
| What are some ways to detect cancer? | 1. Pap test (cervical cancer) 2. Colonoscopy: 50 years old 3. Breast: mammograms after 40 4. Testicular: self exams 5. Tumor Marker Tests: PSA test for prostate cancer |
| What are other ways to detect cancer? | 1. Genetic test: BrCa1 (breast cancer) p16 (melanoma) 2. Skin Cancer: ABCDE's Assemetry, Border, Colors, Diameter, Elevation |
| What are some ways to prevent cancer? | 1. Don't smoke 2. Don't inhale 2nd hand smoke 3. Avoid sunburns/tanning beds 4. Get tested/perform self exams 5. Get vaccinated/eat healthy/non-alcoholic |
| What are some cancer treatments? | 1. Surgery to remove the tumor 2. Radiation 3. Chemotherapy 4. Bone marrow transplant 5. p53 gene therapy 6. angiogenesis inhibition 7. immunotherapy |
| End of Cancer | End of Cancer |
| What is neuromuscular junction and the events that take place there? | It is how a muscle contracts: nerve impulses travel down a motor neuron to the neuromuscular junction. |
| What are sacromeres? | Two protein filaments, composed of myosin, that slide over one another during muscle contraction. |
| What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do? | It stores calcium. |
| What is the role of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction? | After ACh binds to muscle fiber, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
| Why does rigor mortis occur? | The body doesn't get enough oxygen and ATP. |
| What are the 7 steps of muscle contraction? | 1. Nerve impulses travel down a motor neuron to a neuromuscular junction. 2. ACh is released from the neuron and binds to the muscle fiber. 3. This binding stimulates the fiber causing calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
| What are the next 3 steps of muscle contraction? | 4. Released calcium combines with troponin, a molecule associated with actin. 5. This causes the tropomyosin threads around actin to shift and expose myosin binding sites. 6. Myosin heads bind to these sites forming cross- bridges. |
| What is the last step in muscle contraction? | 7. ATP binds to the myosin heads and is used for energy to pull the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere – contraction now occurs. |
| What is the role of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction? | ATP is needed to attatch and detatch the myosin heads from actin. |
| What is the sarcolemma? | The plasma membrane. |
| Where is troponin and how is it involved in contraction? | Located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, combines with calcium, causing actin to shift and expose myosin binding sites. |
| What is the importance of tropomyosin? | Shifts actin to expose myosin binding sites. |
| What is actin? | Protein that produces thin contractive filaments. |
| What is myosin? | Protein that produces dense contractive filaments. |
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? Their characteristics? | 1. Smooth: involuntary muscle found in hollow organs/vessels. 1 nucleus, no striations. 2. Cardiac: involuntary muscle in the hearth. Intercalated disks, 1 nucleus, gap junctions for myocytes, striations. |
| What is the 3rd muscle tissue and its characteristics? | Skeletal: voluntary muscle attatched to skeleton, multiple nuclei, more mitochondria, has striations. |
| End of Muscle Unit | End of Muscle Unit |
| How is infertility defined? | The inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected sex. |
| What are the causes of infertility? | Overweight females, low sperm count, blocked oviducts, endometriosis (abnormal cell growth outside of the uterus). |
| What are some options if you're infertile? | Adoption, artificial insemination, IVF (conceptioon in glassware, transferred to uterus), GIFT (sperm and egg placed directly into oviducts), surrogate mothers. |
| What is HPV? What kind of cancer can it cause? | Genital warts, transferred from skin to skin contact. Can cause cervical cancer. |
| What are the testes? | Produce sperm and male sex hormones (interstitial cells). Composed of seminiferous tubules. |
| What is epididymis? | Stores sperm. |
| What is the vas deferens? | Transport sperm to urethra, ballbeurethral glands. Add secretions (alkalme) to sperm. |
| What is the scrotum? | Sacs that hold testes and regulate testes temperature. |
| What are the accessory glands? | Prostate gland, cylinal vesicals, seminal vesicles, ballbeurethral glands. |
| What does FSH promote? | Sperm production |
| What does LH promote? | Testosterone production |
| What are the primary and secondary follicles? | 1. Contains oocyte and begins estrogen production. 2. 2nd oocyte, estrogen and progesterone production. |
| What is the corpus leuteum? | Produces estrogen and progesterone. |
| What are the ovaries? | produce egg and sex hormones. |
| What are the oviducts? | Fallopian tubes, fertilization takes place. |
| What is the uterus? | Implantation and fetal development. |
| How many follicles (oocytes) does a woman get in her lifetime? What about as an adult? | Lifetime: 300,000-400,000 at puberty Adult: only 400 fully mature |
| What are the two phases in the ovarian cycle? | 1. Follucular phase: FSH promotes follicle development, estrogen secreted. 2. Luteal phase: LH promotes corpus leuteum development, progesterone secreted. |
| What is tubal ligation? | Cutting and sealing of oviducts (tubes tied). |
| What is a vasectomy? | Cutting and sealing of the vasa deferentia. |
| What is produced by the arterier pituitary gland? | FSH and LH. |
| What is endometrium? | Inner uterine lining, when it is disintegrated you get your period. |
| Study Viruses | Study Viruses |
| End of Reproductive System | End of Reproductive System |
Created by:
ldunlap4
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