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Cells
Biology Standards: Cell and Cells functions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | The storehouse for most of the genetic information, or DNA, in your cells. |
| Plasma Membrane | Forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell |
| Cell Wall | A rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell (plant cells) |
| Mitochondria | Supply energy to the cell |
| Vacuoles | A fluid-filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by a cell |
| Chroloplast | Organelles that carry out photosynthesis, a series of complex chemical reactions that convert solar energy into energy-rich molecules the cell can use |
| Ribosomes | Tiny organelles that link amino acids together to from proteins |
| Nuclear Envelope | made up of two lipid membranes, in eukaryotic cells, and surround the nucleus, which encloses the genetic material |
| Nucleolus | Produces and assembles the cell’s ribosomes |
| Lysosomes | Membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes |
| Centrioles | Cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle |
| Microtubules/Microfillaments | Proteins that make up the cell's cytoskeleton |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An interconnected network of thin, folded membranes and is important in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins |
| Golgi apparatus | Closely layered stocks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins |
| Cytoskeleton | A flexible network of proteins that provide structural support for the cell |
| Prokaryotic | Doesn’t have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles |
| Eukaryotic | Have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
| Stem Cells | Unspecialized cells that continually reproduce themselves and have, under appropriate conditions, the ability to differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells |
| Embryonic Stem Cells | Embryonic cells which have not yet differentiated into various cell types |
| Adult Stem Cells | Stem cells found in organisms (for example: bone marrow) |
| Active Transport | Drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration |
| Passive Transport | The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell |
| Contractile Vacuoles | an organelle, or sub-cellular structure, that is involved in osmoregulation and waste removal |
| Cilia | small, slender, hair-like structures present on the surface of some cells and are involved in locomotion |
| Flagella | a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic appendage that enables cells to swim |
| Pseudopods | temporary arm-like projections of a eukaryotic cell membrane that emerge in the direction of movement |
| Eyespots | allows the cells to sense light direction and intensity and respond to it |
| Chemotaxis | Causes organisms to direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment |
| Phototaxis | Causes an organism to move towards or away from a stimulus of light |
| Carbohydrates | Glucose, cellulose, starch, and glycogen uses Benedicts test and Iodine test (specifically for starch) |
| Proteins | Insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin uses Biurets test |
| Lipids | Phospholipids and steroids uses brown paper bag test |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA |
| Cell differentiation | process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one |
| Homeostasis | tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium |
| Structure of DNA | Double helix with sies composed of alternating phosphate-sugar groups and nitrogenous base pairs (always Adeline A to Thymine T and Cytosine C to Guanine G) |
| Nitrogen Bases | Adeline, Thymine and Cytosine, Guanine |
| Protein Synthesis | Creation of proteins (initiation, elongation, then termination) |
| Enzymes | Protein that acts as a catalyst |
| Catalyst | a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction |
| Glycolysis | the breakdown of glucose by enzymes (releases energy and pyruvic acid) |
| Anaerobic | the type of respiration through which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen |
| Aerobic | requires oxygen (O2) in order to create ATP |
Created by:
SavanahT
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