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Bio Final Sp 2025
Review Vocab for Spring Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mitosis | production of 2 new diploid cells identical to the parent cell; associated with asexual reproduction |
| meiosis | production of 4 haploid gametes from the division of a single diploid parent cell; gametes are not identical to the parent cell or each other |
| diploid | a cell having 2 copies of every chromosome; found in most cells of an organism |
| haploid | a cell having half the number of chromosomes as a body cell (one of each homologous pair); found in gametes |
| PMAT | a way to remember the order of phases in mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| crossing over | when homologous pairs form, they exchange genes with each other, increasing the variation in gametes |
| 46 | the diploid chromosome number in humans; the full set of genes/chromosomes |
| 23 | the haploid chromosome number in humans; found in gametes only |
| organism | any living thing |
| population | a group of organisms living together in an area |
| community | all of the populations living in an area |
| ecosystem | all of the living things in an area along with the nonliving factors |
| abiotic factors | all of the nonliving things in an environment (weather, rainfall, rocks, wind, etc) |
| biotic factors | all of the living things in the environment that make up the community |
| symbiosis | when organisms live in close association with one another |
| mutualism | symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit |
| parasitism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed |
| commensalism | symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected |
| habitat | where an organism lives out its life |
| niche | the role an organism plays in the ecosystem; how it obtains food, what resources it uses, what eats it, etc |
| food chain | a simple description of one feeding pathway in an ecosystem |
| food web | a more complex description of all of the feeding pathways in an ecosystem |
| autotroph | organisms that make food for the ecosystem |
| hetertroph | organisms that eat autotrophs |
| ecological pyramid | a diagrams showing the available energy at each trophic level in an ecosystem |
| trophic level | where an organism is found in the ecological pyramid or food web; autotrophs, herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, etc |
| limiting factors | things in the environment that limit a population's growth |
| genotype | the alleles an organism has for a trait |
| phenotype | how an organism looks or behaves as a result of the alleles it has |
| homozygous | having 2 of the same alleles for a trait |
| heterozygous | having 2 different alleles for a trait |
| Punnett square | used to predict the outcome of a genetic cross |
| genetics | the study of how traits are inherited from parents to offspring |
| reproductive system | function: produce offspring organs: testes, ovaries, uterus, |
| respiratory system | function: exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide organs: lungs, trachea, bronchi |
| circulatory system | function: transport blood containing oxygen and nutrients throughout the body organs: heart, blood vessels |
| digestive system | function: break down and absorb nutrients in the body organs: esophagus, stomach, intestines |
| urinary system | function: filter the blood and remove waste products from the bloodstream organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder |
| integumentary system | function: protect from dehydration, the sun, infection, etc organs: skin, hair, nails, glands |
| skeletal system | function: support the body and protect internal organs from damage organs: bones, ligaments, tendons |
| muscular system | function: movement of body parts or materials within internal organs organs: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles |
| nervous system | functions: send electrical signals to respond to the environment organs; brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| lymphatic system | functions: provide immunity to fight off disease organs: tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes |
| double helix | the shape of the DNA molecule |
| photosynthesis | process that converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen; takes place in plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| cellular respiration | process that converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water; occurs in every living thing |
| anaerobic respiration | converts glucose into ATP WITHOUT oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | converts glucose into ATP WITH the use of oxygen |
| carbon dioxide | PRODUCT of cellular respiration; REACTANT of photosynthesis; it is a gas |
| oxygen | PRODUCT of photosynthesis; REACTANT of cellular respiration; it is a gas |
| ATP | molecule produced by cellular respiration that is the energy currency of the cell (usable form of energy) |
| glucose | a type of energy storing molecule that is produced by photosynthesis, but is too complex to be used as a direct form of energy for cells; it is a monosaccharide |
| chloroplast | organelle of photosynthesis |
| mitochondria | organelle of cellular respiration |
| homologous | this word describes matching but not identical chromosomes (one from each parent) that contain the same types of genes but not the same exact alleles |
| allele | different varieties of the same gene (blue eyes vs brown eyes for example) |
| pedigree | shows the presence of inherited traits through the generations of a family; like a family tree |
| dominant | the traits that is shown in a heterozygous individual |
| recessive | the trait that is hidden in a heterozygous individual |
| rule of unit factors | states that each parent contributes one of their two alleles to their offspring (in their gametes) |
| rule of dominance | states that if an individual is heterozygous for a trait, that only one will be expressed |
| law of segregation | states that the two alleles an organism has for a trait are separated when they make gametes and only pass on allele for each gene to their offspring |
| law of independent assortment | states that different traits are inherited independently from one another (hair color is not dependent on eye color for example) |
| law of probability | states that different possible outcomes will occur in equal numbers over a large number of trials |
| pea plants (peas) | the organism Mendel did his experiments on due to the ease of use |
| density dependent factors | limiting factors in the environment that have a more drastic effect if the population is higher in that area (competition for food, disease, etc) |
| density independent factors | limiting factors in the environment that have the same effect on an area regardless of the population number in that area (fire, flood, drought) |
Created by:
Mrs. Meeks SHS
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