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Mammalian Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Posterior/Dorsal | Toward the back |
| Anterior/ventral | Toward the belly |
| Lateral | Toward the sides |
| Medial/Median | Near the middle |
| Superior | Toward the head |
| Inferior | Toward the feet |
| Superficial | On or near the surface |
| Frontal | Relating to the plane separating front (anterior) and back (posterior) |
| Transverse | Relating to the plane separating top (superior) and bottom (inferior) |
| Proximal | On limbs: toward the top (superior) part of the limb |
| Distal | On limbs: toward the bottom (inferior) part of the limb |
| Midline | An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally (right down the middle) |
| Pectoral | Relating to the chest and shoulder region |
| Pelvic | Relating to the hip region |
| Dermal | Relating to the skin |
| Longitudinal | Lengthwise |
| Right and Left | Refers to the specimen's right and left, not yours |
| Abdominal cavity | Related to the area below (inferior) the ribcage |
| Thoracic cavity | Related to the area above (superior) the ribcage |
| Deep | Some distance below the surface |
| Midsagittal | Relating to the midplane which bisects the left and right sides or halves equally |
| Anatomical position | Standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward, feet slightly apart, etc. |
| What body parts are the terms proximal and distal used on? | The limbs (arms and legs) |
| What body parts are the terms superior and inferior used on? | Torso and skull |
| What do body planes do? | Transect the body into two halves |
| 8 General Characteristics of the Mammalian Class | -Four-chambered heart -Hair or fur -Mammary glands which produce milk -Internal skeleton -Ability to regulate their body temperature internally (warm-blooded) with Sweat glands -Three middle ear bones -Specialized teeth -Neocortex region, brain |
| What is the Biceps Brachii used for? | Flexes the elbow and supination (outward rotation) of the forearm |
| What is the Biceps Femoris used for? | Movement at both the hip joint and knee joint |
| What is the Gastrocnemius used for? | Walking and posture |
| What are the Triceps used for? | Extends forearm and shoulder |
| What is the Deltoid used for? | Helps you move your arms in different directions |
| What are the Latissimus Dorsi used for? | Help protect and stabilize your spine while providing shoulder and back strength. Also produces movement of the shoulder joint |
| What is the Gluteus Maximus used for? | Extends the hip and thigh and provides propulsion while walking or running. |
| What is the Pectoralis Major used for? | Moves and rotates your shoulder |
| Achilles Tendon origin and insertion | Originates at the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles (the calf muscles) and is inserted into the Calcaneus (heel bone) |
| Radius location compared to Ulna location | Radius is on the outside (lateral) of the Ulna bone which is on the inside (medial) of the Radius |
| Tibia location compared to Fibula location | Fibula is on the outside (lateral) of the Tibia which is on the inside (medial) of the Fibula. The Tibia is bigger than the Fibula |
| Pathway of Food | Mouth - Esophagus - Stomach - Small Intestine (3 parts: The Duodenum, the Jejunum and the Ileum) -Large Intestine |
| 3 parts of the Small Intestine | The Duodenum, the Jejunum and the ileum |
| Chemical vs. Mechanical digestion | Mechanical digestion is physically breaking down food into smaller particles to make chemical digestion more efficent which breaks the molecular structure of the ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream. |
| What is Saliva, what does it contain, and what does it do? | Saliva is a lubricant and contains amylase that help digest the starches in your food. |
| How do you prevent food from entering your lungs? | A flap of tissue called the epiglottis sits over the top of the trachea. |
| What is peristalsis? | The involuntary contraction and relaxation of longitudinal and circular muscles throughout the digestive tract |
| What happens in the stomach? | Chemical and mechanical digestion continue |
| Role of Lipase | Lipase is an enzyme the body uses to break down fats in food so they can be absorbed in the intestines. |
| Role of Pepsin | Pepsin is a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food. |
| Role of HCl (hydrochloric acid) | The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice breaks down the food and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins. |
| Where is bicarbonate released? And why is it released? | The pancreas and it's a byproduct of your body's metabolism. Your blood brings bicarbonate to your lungs, and then it is exhaled as carbon dioxide. |
| What is the role of Bile? Where is it produced? Stored? | Bile helps with digestion. It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract. It is a fluid that is produced and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. |
| Why is the small intestine called the small intestine? | Its diameter (lumen) is smaller than the large intestine's diameter (lumen)/it is a thinner tube than the large intestine |
| What basically happens to food in the large intestine? | The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. The lower end of your large intestine, the rectum, stores stool until it pushes stool out of your anus during a bowel movement. |
| Why is the large intestine called the large intestine? | Its diameter (lumen) is larger than the small intestine's diameter (lumen)/it is a wider tube than the small intestine |
| Insulin vs. Glucagon in your body | Both hormones come from your pancreas but alpha cells make and release glucagon, and beta cells make and release insulin. Glucagon increases blood sugar levels, whereas insulin decreases blood sugar levels. |
| Pathway of deoxygenated blood in and out of the heart | Enters right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. Pumped through the tricuspid valve and chordae tendineae to the right ventricle. Pumped through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated |
| Pathway of oxygenated blood in and out of the heart | The oxygenated blood is carried back to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. Pumped through the bicuspid (mitral) valve and the chordae tendineae to the left ventricle, then through the aortic valve to the aorta to the rest of the body |
| Full pathway of blood through the heart | Superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, chordae tendineae (ct), right ventricle, pulmonary valve, left/right pulmonary arteries, left/right pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid (mitral) valve, ct, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta |
| Cerebrum function | Performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision, hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement. |
| Cerebellum function | Coordinates muscle movements, and maintains posture and balance. |
| Brainstem function | Acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing. |
| 3 Main Parts of the Human Brain | Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and the Brainstem |
| What part of your brain controls the left side of your body? | The right side of your brain controls the left side of your body. |
| What part of your brain controls the right side of your body? | The left side of your brain controls the right side of your body. |
| What 4 lobes are found in the Cerebrum? | Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital lobes. |
| Frontal lobe function | -Personality, behavior, and emotions -Judgment, planning, and problem-solving -Speech - speaking and writing -Body movement -Intelligence, concentration, and self-awareness |
| Temporal lobe function | -Understanding language -Memory -Hearing -Sequencing and organization |
| Parietal lobe function | -Interprets language and words -Sense of touch, pain, and temperature -Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory, and memory -Spatial and visual perception |
| Occipital lobe function | Interprets vision (color, light, movement) |
| What is the difference between “skill memory” and “long-term memory” in terms of brain activity location? | Skill memory is processed in the cerebellum which relays information to the basal ganglia while long-term memory is processed in the hippocampus of the temporal lobe. |
| What is the difference between “skill memory” and “long-term memory” in terms of type of memory? | Skill memory is automatically learned memories while long-term memory is activated when you want to memorize something for a longer time and has unlimited content and duration capacity so it contains personal memories along with facts and figures. |
| How does alcohol affect your brain? | After the first or second drink, there is a slight depression in the activity of neurons and the prefrontal cortex which causes an increase of impulsive behavior and lack of rational thinking. |
Created by:
hadleyrice
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