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Biology
Section Two SUMMER ASSESSMENT (Part One)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the levels of organisation, from smallest to largest of these systems: Tissues, Organelles, Organs, Cells, Organ systems | Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems |
| What 5 organelles are typically found in an animal cell? | Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Ribosomes, Mitochondria |
| Which is bigger, plant or animal cells? | Plant |
| What are plasmids? | Extra bits of DNA found in bacteria |
| What is the nucleus? | Organelle that contains genetic material which controls the cells activities |
| What does the cell membrane do? | Provides outer surface of cell and controls which substances go in and out |
| What is cytoplasm? | A gel-like substance where the cells chemical reactions happen. Contains enzymes |
| What are mitochondria? | Small organelles where most reactions for aerobic respiration take place |
| What are ribosomes? | Small organelles where proteins are made |
| What is the cell wall? | A rigid structure which supports the cells and strengthens it |
| What is the vacuole? | A large organelle containing cell sap (solution of sugars and salts). Helps support the cell |
| What are carbohydrates made up of? | Simple sugars |
| What are proteins made up of? | Amino acids |
| What are lipids made up of? | Fatty acids and glycerol |
| What is the function of carbohydrates? | Provide energy |
| What is the function of lipids? | Provide energy, act as energy store and provide insulation |
| What is the function of proteins? | Needed for growth and repair of tissues and to provide energy in emergencies |
| What is the function of Vitamin A? | Improves vision, keeps skin and hair healthy |
| What is the function of Vitamin C? | Prevents scurvy |
| What is the function of Vitamin D? | Needed of calcium absorption |
| What is the function of calcium? | Needed to make bones and teeth |
| What is the function of iron? | Needed to make haemoglobin for healthy blood |
| What is the function of water? | Needed for almost every bodily function - need a constant supply to replace water lost through urinating, breathing and sweating |
| What is the function of dietary fibre? | Aids the movement of water through the gut |
| What three factors affect the amount of energy from food a person needs? | Activity level, age and pregnancy |
| What elements are present in carbohydrate molecules? | Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| What elements are present in amino acids (proteins)? | Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen |
| What elements are present in lipids? | Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| What are lipids made up of? | Glycerol and fatty acids |
| What are proteins made up of? | Amino acids |
| What are carbohydrates made up of? | Simple sugars such as glucose or maltose joined together in a long chain of carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen |
| What are the four main digestive enzymes? | Amylase, protease, maltase and lipase |
| What does maltase do? | Coverts maltose into glucose |
| What does amylase do? | Converts starch into maltose |
| What does protease do? | Converts proteins into amino acids |
| What does lipase do? | Converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids |
| Why do living things use enzymes to speed up reactions and not a raise in temperature? | 1. Raise in temperature would also speed up unwanted reactions 2. Cells could get damaged if temperatures are raised too high |
| What happens to an enzyme after a reaction? | It remains unchanged |
| What temperature do enzymes work best at? | The optimum temperature |
| At first, what happens to the rate of reaction between enzymes and substrates when the temperature is increased? | The enzymes and substrates have more energy, therefore move about more and are more likely to collide, increasing the rate of reaction |
| What happens to an enzyme when the temperature becomes too hot? | The enzyme denatures, as the active site has changed |
| What will happen to an enzyme if the pH is too high or too low? | The enzyme will denature, as the pH will change the shape of the active site |
| In diffusion, the bigger the difference in concentration, the __________ the diffusion rate | Faster |
| Diffusion is the _____________________ of particles from an area of ___________________ to an area of _______________________ | Net movement, higher concentration, lower concentration |
| Does diffusion require energy to happen? | No |
| In diffusion, the bigger the difference in concentration, the __________ the diffusion rate | Faster |
| Diffusion is the _____________________ of particles from an area of ___________________ to an area of _______________________ | Net movement, higher concentration, lower concentration |
| Does diffusion require energy to happen? | No |
| In diffusion, the bigger the difference in concentration, the __________ the diffusion rate | Faster |
| Diffusion is the _____________________ of particles from an area of ___________________ to an area of _______________________ | Net movement, higher concentration, lower concentration |
| Does diffusion require energy to happen? | No |
| In diffusion, the bigger the difference in concentration, the __________ the diffusion rate | Faster |
| Diffusion is the _____________________ of particles from an area of ___________________ to an area of _______________________ | Net movement, higher concentration, lower concentration |
| Does diffusion require energy to happen? | No |
| In diffusion, the bigger the difference in concentration, the __________ the diffusion rate | Faster |
| Diffusion is the _____________________ of particles from an area of ___________________ to an area of _______________________ | Net movement, higher concentration, lower concentration |
| Does diffusion require energy to happen? | No |
| In diffusion, the bigger the difference in concentration, the __________ the diffusion rate | Faster |
| Diffusion is the _____________________ of particles from an area of ___________________ to an area of _______________________ | Net movement, higher concentration, lower concentration |
| Does diffusion require energy to happen? | No |
| Osmosis is the _____________________________ across a _________________________ from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration | Net movement of water molecules, partially permeable membrane |
| What four factors affect the movement of substances into and out of cells? | Surface area to volume ratio, distance, temperature and concentration gradient |
| What is the WORD equation for photosynthesis? | Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen |
| What is the SYMBOL equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| How does photosynthesis happen in the leaf? | Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (oxygen also produced) |
| Photosynthesis converts _________ energy into ____________ energy | Light, chemical |
| How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis? | Large surface area, chloroplasts found near top of leaf, upper epidermis transparent (light can pass through to palisade layer), waxy cuticle reduces water loss by evaporation, xylem and phloem take away glucose and deliver nutrients to leaf |
| What are the three factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis? | Light, carbon dioxide leves and temperature |
| What are the three main mineral ions plants need for growth? | Nitrates, phosphates and potassium (and some magnesium) |
| Why do plants need some magnesium? | To make chlorophyll |
| Why do plants need nitrates? | To make amino acids and proteins |
| What happens in the mouth? | Salivary glands produce amylase in the saliva and teeth break down food |
| What is the oesophagus? | A muscular tube that connects the mouth and stomach |
| What three important things does the stomach do? | 1. Pummels food with its muscular walls 2. Produces the protease enzyme, pepsin 3. Produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give optimum pH for the protease enzyme |
| What does the small intestine do? | 1. Produces protease, amylase and lipase to complete digestion 2. Absorbs nutrients out of alimentary canal |
| What are the two parts of the small intestine called? | First part is the duodenum, second part is the ileum |
| What does the large intestine do? | Absorbs excess water from food |
| What are the two parts of the large intestine called? | First part is the colon, second part is the rectum |
| What does the rectum do? | Stores faeces |
| What does the pancreas do? | Produces protease, amylase and lipase and releases these into the small intestine |
| What does the small intestine have to help with absorption? | Villi |
| What four adaptions does the small intestine have for the absorption of food? | Very long (lots of time for absorption), big surface area (villi and micro villi) and villi have single permeable layer of surface cells and good blood supply for quick absorption |
| What is peristalsis? | A process in which a muscular tissue all the way down the alimentary canal that contracts to squeeze balls of food through the gut |
| Where is bile produced and where is it stored? | Produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder |
| What two jobs does bile have? | To neutralise stomach acid and emulsify fats |
| What does bile do to stomach acid and why? | Neutralises it, because the hydrochloric acid in the stomach makes the pH too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine, so the alkaline bile neutralises the acid for the small intestines enzymes |
| What does bile do to fats and why? | Emulsifies them, meaning it breaks the fat into tiny droplets. This gives a much bigger surface area of fat for lipase to work on, making digestion faster |
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