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Study finals
| info | info |
|---|---|
| Plasma cells make | antibodies |
| mRNA | messenger RNA carries genetic DNA |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA in ribosomes. Runs along mRNA to place amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
| tRNA | transfer RNA. Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the site of protein assembly |
| transcription from second strand of DNA is known as | mRNA |
| AUG encodes for | methionine amino acid |
| a change in the base sequences in a DNA that change sequence and function | mutation |
| Base substitutions aka | point mutations |
| missense | substitution of one amino acid (misspelled) |
| Nonsense | normal codon changes to a stop codon. chain is shorter than normal chain |
| Frameshift mutations | deletion or insertion of bases. strand looks different than the original DNA. Nonfunctional and too short protein |
| mutagens that cause mutations can be | chemical or radiation |
| radiation can be | ionizing x-ray, gamma ray breaking chromosomes, nonionizing uv rays that directly damage the DNA Thymine Dimers |
| Transformation | transferring a gene from one bacterium to another |
| conjugation | transfer of the F plasmid; endonuclease enzyme cuts DNA; cleaves, strand moves from 1st bacterium to 2nd bacterium; strands synthesized |
| conjugation Hfr | high freqency recombination; homologous recombination; donor cells remains as Hfr; recipient remains F- |
| transduction | bacteria carried from one bacterium to another by Phage; Phage DNA replicated; Bacterial DNA and Phage DNA |
| translation RNA makes | protein |
| transcription DNA makes | RNA |
| DNA | sugar: deoxiribose (one atom less) |
| RNA | ribose (one atom more) |
| photolase | breaks the covalent bond, requires visible light and uses energy source to undergo light repair |
| thymine dimer | connection under UV radiation |
| one system to repair the thymine diimer | exorgine enzyme |
| excision repair or dark repair | does not require light |
| excised nucleotides are replaced by | DNA polymerase and ligase |
| recombinant | re-genetic engineering |
| new DNA is called | recombinant DNA |
| ampicillin sensitive | does not grow on selective medium |
| ampicillin resistant | does grow on selective medium |
| viruses transfer | bacterial DNA to bacteria |
| protein products from recombinant DNA | interferons, interleukins, insulin, TNF, Erythropoietin, tissue plasminogen activating factor tPA (very expensive), hemoglobin-A, relaxin |
| what are natural enemies of bacteria | bacteriaphage |
| methylase methyl (-CH3) | makes unrecognizable |
| cleavage | generation of specific DNA fragments. RE cleavage produces large number of fragments called "library" |
| producing Recombinant DNA | fragments of library placed into plasmids or viruses= into other cells |
| cloning | fragment containing plasmid or virus is introduced into bacterial cells. cells reproduce, forming clone of cells that contain fragment-bearing plasmid |
| screening | identifying specific fragments of interest |
| after transcription, | introns must be removed from mRNA to receive mature mRNA |
| exons are translated into | proteins |
| ribozyme | an enzyme of RNA; acts on RNA; removes introns; spicing together exons |
| what are ribozymes made of? | RNA |
| Eukaryotic RNA cells have enzyme | ribozyme |
| three steps that ribozyme does specifically on mRNA | cuts, removes, splices; mature mRNA; no introns |
| Polymerase chain reactions | PCR= Thermocycler |
| thermocycler steps | denaturation, priming, extension |
| what is PCR | DNA amplification |
| what is needed in the third step of the extension | thermostable DNA TAQ polymerase and deoxynucleotides |
| one strand will serve as a template strand in | denaturation |
| what is a primer | short chains of DNA |
| nonspecific resistance - 1st line of defense | intact skin; mucous membranes and their secretions; normal microbiota |
| nonspecific resistance- 2nd line of defense | phagocytic white blood cells; inflammation and fever; antimicrobial substances |
| specific resistance - 3rd line of defense | specialized lymphocyte B cells and T cells; antibodies |
| mechanical factors | skin, mucous membranes, tears lateral lacrimal glands, epiglottis (cilia, ciliated cell, trapped particles in cilia_ respiratory tract, vaginal secretions, genitourinary tract- flow of urine |
| what cells assist B and T cells? | Langerhans cells in the epidermis |
| mucous producing cells | Goblet cells in the epiglottis |
| chemical factors | sebum, perspiration, tears, lysozyme in tears and saliva, acidity of the skin, gastric juices like HCL, pepsin, vaginal secretions, Transferrins in the blood lower iron |
| second line of defense | phagocytosis |
| wbc are | backbone of the immune system |
| neutrophils | ability to leave the blood, enter infected tissue, destroy microbes. Dominate during initial infection. cannot return back to the blood |
| monocytes | Enter body tissues become macrophages macrophage dominate as infection progresses |
| three different white blood cells | monocytes, leukocytes, and neutrophils |
| phagocytosis mechanisms | CAID Chemotaxis attachment adherence ingestion digestion lysozyme |
| infection | entry, establishment, multiplication of pathogens in host tissues |
| infalmmation | nonspecific response to tissue injury that protects from further damage. stimulates immune reactivity and blocks spread of infectious agent |
| inflammation response | RPHS VIP PMP TR |
| benefits of fever | temperature sensitive microbes multiplication inhibited; impedes the nutrition of bacteria because of lowered iron in the blood |
| Heating pad | blood flows to area of heating pad and increases metabolism of RBC, promotes healing |
| T cells and B cells are what percentage of the WBC? | 20-25% |
| T cells are what type of immunity | Cellular components of immunity (cell mediated immunity) |
| B cells are what type of immunity | Humoral immunity (antibody mediated immunity) |
| Where do T cells come from | stem cells in the bone marrow that travel to the thyroid and train to identify viruses and bacteria by antigens on the surface |
| T cells are the | Key cells in cellular component immuntity |
| T cells | antigen receptors to ID antigens; APC; |
| primary APC's | macrophages |
| APC's recognized by | T cells |
| certain cell surface molecules | major histocompatibility complex |
| MHC's | not on RBC |
| what is like a SS# | MHC |
| A T cell will recognize an antigenic fragment on an | APC if it is in close association with Major Histocompatibility Complex |
| CD4 | Helper T cells |
| CD8 | Cytotoxic T cells |
| T cells induce what and then | induce cytotoxic formation and activate macrophages |
| T cells are essential to | Formation of many antibodies by B cells |
| APC encounters and processes an antigen, forming what | MHC antigen complexes on its surface |
| helper T cell receptor binds to the complex, stimulating APC to secrete what | IL1 |
| IL1 stimulates what to occur | helper T cell to produce IL2. |
| IL2 stimulates the helper T cell to | clone a helper T cell |
| What happens with the clone of helper T cell | produce cytotoxins, stimulating cells of both immune systems, B cells and cytotoxic |
| cytotoxic cells | destroy on contact . destroy the virus infected cell. marker on CD8 |
| Memory T cells | markers on CD4 or CD8. differentiate after cytotoxic or helper T cell activation. seed immune tissues to be activated in future responses |
| Regulatory T Cells | Suppressor T cells marker on CD4, not a helper control specific immunity responses, prevent autoimmunity, regulator when antigen is no longer present "turn it off' |
| Natural Killer Cells | lymphocytes that lack specificity for antigens. Attack and destroy other cells, especially virus-infected and tumor cells by similar mechanisms as T cells must contact target to lyse it |
| T helper cells are important in: | formation of cytotoxic T cells, activating macrophages, formation of other antibodies by B cells |
| B cells and humoral immunity | special gland in chicken: bursa develop in the stem cells of blood marrow do not travel to the thymus. bone marrow-> blood stream-> lymph. production starts when exposed to free, extracellular antigens. on dorsal side of the chicken |
| Activated B cells divide and differentiate into effector cells called plasma cells and then | plasma cells produce antibodies that are directed against specific antigen that activated original B cell |
| Memory cells | some B do not turn into plasma cells; remain for long periods to react with the same antigen at a later time |
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Eureakofinfo
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