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Bio Exam 5 questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do genetic mutations arise? | errors in DNA replication or various environmental factors and spontaneous events |
| Why are mutations important? | they cause changes to how humans function whether it’s positive, negative, drastic, or neutral |
| What are the possible effects of genetic mutations in mRNA? | the synthesis, the processing or the translation of the mRNA, |
| What are the possible effects of genetic mutations in the amino acid sequence? | it will alter the structure of a protein |
| Why are some mutations beneficial while others are harmful? | it depends on how the protein changes |
| Which types of mutations are most harmful? Why? | frameshift mutations are the most harmful because they affect more than one codon, changing the protein sequence the most. |
| Which types of mutations are likely to be least harmful? Why? | silent mutations because they don’t affect the organism negatively or positively |
| Do all mutations lead to a change in the amino acid sequence? Why or why not? | no because some mutations are silent |
| How are mutations inherited? | asexual: passed on through cloning sexual: only if it is in the gametes |
| What determines whether a mutation will be passed onto offspring or not? | if the mutation occurs in the gametes, then the embryos will carry the mutations |
| Which human traits/illnesses that we have discussed in class that follow Mendelian inheritance patterns? | huntington’s disease and cystic fibrosis |
| How do you set up a Punnett square? What information goes on the top and side of the square? | make a box and separate it into 4 boxes, then put one genotype on top and the other genotype on the bottom |
| What is the objective of the PTC Lab completed in class? | to determine our own genotype for a chemical receptor involved in sensing bitter compounds |
| What does PTC have to bind in order to be perceived as bitter? | it has to bind with the TAS2R38 protein |
| How is the ability to taste PTC passed on? | if one parent have the tasting allele |
| What protein does TAS2R38 code for? | it codes for the TAS2R38 protein |
| How is TAS2R38 related to our ability to taste PTC? | the TASR38 protein contains bitter tasting receptors |
| How are the taster and non-taster alleles different from each other? | Taster is dominant and non-taster is recessive |
| What were the main procedural steps taken in the PTC experiment and what was the purpose of each? | PTC taste test: to make a prediction of what our genotype is for our chemical receptors involved in sensing bitter compounds. Collection of cells: Our cells contain the DNA that is used in the experiment to determine if our predictions were correct |
| Why did we need to do a PCR before a restriction digest? | increase the concentration of our gene in the sample |
| Why did we do a restriction digest? How does a restriction digest work? | we do a restriction digest because this will allow us to differentiate taster (T) from the non-taster (t) alleles. It works by “cutting” only the taster allele sequence |
| What tool (reagent) did we use to achieve digestion? | Haell |
| What is gel electrophoresis? How does it work? | gel electrophoresis separates molecules. It is the process of loading the DNA sample into a well. The well is inside nutrient agarose located on the negatively charged side. The positive side pulls the samples through the gel |
| Why did we use gel electrophoresis in our experiment? What information did it provide? | this provides the pattern of DNA bands in the gel that will indicate the genotype for the PTC tasting gene. |
| What was the DNA banding pattern expected for TT, Tt, and tt genotypes? | TT: 2 bands Tt: 3 bands tt: 1 band |
Created by:
lwstudystack
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