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1610 Ch. 7 Terms
1610 Biology: Ch. 7 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space. |
| heat | The total amount of kinetic energy in a sample of substance. |
| catabolism | The aspect of metabolism in which complex substances are broken down to form simpler substances; catabolic reactions are particularly important in releasing chemical energy stored by the cell. |
| dynamic equilibrium | The condition of a chemical reaction when the rate of change in one direction is exactly the same as the rate of change in the opposite direction. |
| phosphorylation | The introduction of a phosphate group into an organic molecule. |
| NAD+/NADH | Oxidized or reduced forms, respectively, of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phospate, a coenzyme that transfers electrons (as hydrogen), particularly in catabolic pathways, including cellular respiration. |
| enzyme | An organic catalyst (usually a protein) that accelerates a specific chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for that reaction. |
| active site | A specific region of an enzyme (generally near the surface) that accepts one or more substrates and catalyzes a chemical reaction. |
| metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next reaction. |
| irreversible inhibitor | A substance that permanently inactivates an enzyme. |
| energy | The capacity to do work; expressed in kilojoules or kilocalories. |
| thermodynamics | Principles governing energy transfer (often expressed in terms of heat transfer). |
| entropy | Disorderliness; a quantitative measure of the amount of random, disordered energy that is unavailable to do work. |
| free energy | The maximum amount of energy available to do work under the conditions of a biochemical reaction. |
| coupled reaction | A set of reactions in which an exergonic reaction provides the free energy required to drive an endergonic reaction; energy coupling generally occurs through a common intermediate. |
| reduction | The gain of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule. |
| NADP+/NADPH | Oxidized and reduced forms, respectively, of nicotinamide adenine dinucelotide phosphate, a coenzyme that acts as an electron (hydrogen) transfer agent, particularly in anabolic pathways, including photosynthesis. |
| energy of activation | The kinetic energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. |
| induced fit | Conformational change in the active site of an enzyme that occurs when it binds to its substrate. |
| feedback inhibition | A type of enzyme regulation in which the accumulation of the product of a reaction inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence. |
| reversible inhibitor | A substance that forms weak bonds with an enzyme, temporarily interfering with its function; either competitive or noncompetitive. |
| potential energy | Stored energy; energy that can do work as a consequence of its position or state. |
| closed system | An entity that does not exchange energy with its surroundings. |
| metabolism | The sum of all chemical processes that occur within a cell or organism; the transformations by which energy and matter are made available for use by an organism. |
| exergonic reaction | A reaction characterized by a release of free energy. |
| ATP/adenosine triphosphate | An organic compound containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; of prime importance for energy transfer in cells. |
| oxidation | The loss of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule. |
| FAD/FADH2 | Oxidized and reduced forms, respectively, of flavin adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that transfers electrons (as hydrogen) in metabolism, including cellular respiration. |
| substrate | A substance on which an enzyme acts; a reactant in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction. |
| cofactor | A nonprotein substance needed by an enzyme for normal activity; some cofactors are inorganic (usually metal ions); others are organic (coenzymes). |
| allosteric site | A site on an enzyme other than the active site, to which a specific substance binds, thereby changing the shape and activity of the enzyme. |
| competitive inhibitor | A substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme, thus lowering the rate of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. |
| kinetic energy | Energy of motion. |
| open system | An entity that exchanges energy with its surroundings. |
| anabolism | The aspect of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances, resulting in the storage of energy, the production of new cell materials, and growth. |
| endergonic reaction | A nonspontaneous reaction; a reaction requiring a net input of free energy. |
| redox reaction | The chemical reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred from one substance (the substance that becomes oxidized) to another (the substance that becomes reduced). |
| cytochromes | Iron-containing heme proteins of an electron transport system. |
| enzyme-substrate complex (ES complex) | The temporary association between enzyme and substrate that forms during the course of a catalyzed reaction. |
| coenzyme | An organic cofactor for an enzyme; generally participates in the reaction by transferring some component, such as electrons or part of a substrate molecule. |
| allosteric regulator | Substances that affect protein function by binding allosteric sites. |
| noncompetitive inhibition | A substance that lowers the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction but does not bind to the active site. |
Created by:
Grace Perry
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