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Bio Exam 5 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mutation | changes in the DNA sequence |
| Point mutations | a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence |
| Substitution mutation | one or more nucleotides are replaced by another |
| Missense mutation | changes the amino acid (protein) |
| Nonsense mutation | changes the codon to stop |
| Silent/neutral mutation | a codon is changed but it still codes for the same amino acid |
| Frameshift mutation | a mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read. |
| Insertion mutation | when a nucleotide is inserted/added |
| Deletion mutation | when a nucleotide is removed/deleted |
| Positive mutation | when the protein is changed to where it positively the organism |
| Negative mutation | when the protein is changed to where it negatively the organism |
| Reading Frame | set of 3 nucleotides that make up a codon |
| Gene | a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. |
| Trait | a specific characteristic of an individual |
| protein | proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body |
| Allele | specific traits of an organism ex. brown and blue eye color |
| Recessive allele | does not produce a trait at all when only one copy is present and is represented by lowercase letters |
| Dominant allele | only needs one dominant allele to be present in order for the dominant trait to be observed in the organism |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of the organism ex. TT or Tt |
| Phenotype | the expressed physical trait ex. Tall |
| Genetic disease | a disease caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence |
| Gregor Mendel | he was an Austrian monk, also studied biology and math Developed experimental and quantitative approach to genetics Bred pea plants to study inheritance |
| Heterozygote | one allele from each parent |
| Homozygote | having 2 of the same allele |
| Parental generation | first generation |
| F1 generation | offspring of the parental generation |
| F2 generation | offspring of the f1 generation |
| True-breeding | "purebred" offspring carry the same phenotype as their parents |
| Monohybrid cross | a monohybrid cross is defined as the cross happening in the F1 generation offspring of parents differing in one trait only |
| Dihybrid cross | a dihybrid cross is a cross that happens in the F2 generation of differing in two traits. |
| Blood types | A, B, AB, and O. O is always recessive and represented by ii. Only way O can be the outcome is if there are 2 i's. |
| Incomplete dominance | both traits are shown in a blend ex. white and red make pink |
| Codominance | both traits are shown ex. Cattle have white coats and red coats, that makes a roan coat |
| Complete dominance | if only one dominant allele is present, the result will always be shown as the dominant trait |
| PTC | a biotechnology; a powder that Arthur Fox was pouring into a bottle |
| TAS2R38 | the gene that allows the receptor of the PTC to taste the bitterness |
| PCR | a laboratory technique used to amplify or replicate a specific DNA sequence in a sample. |
| Centrifuge | used to separate particles in a mixture |
| Extraction solution | contains buffer solution to lyse cells |
| Restriction digestion | "cutting" only the taster allele sequence |
| Cell lysis | breaking open the cells |
| Restriction enzymes | DNA-cutting enzyme that recognizes specific sites in DNA ex. Haell |
| Cell-surface taste receptors | found on the tip of each gustatory cell, can detect a wide variety of compounds, and the stimulation of any of these receptors send a signal to the brain |
| Papillae | bumps that cover the tongue |
| Taste buds | found inside the papillae's |
| Gustatory cells | the cells that do the tasting, and the tip of each gustatory cell protrudes through a pore on the surface of a tongue |
| Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) | Each SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block. For example, a SNP may replace the nucleotide cytosine (C) with the nucleotide thymine (T) in a certain stretch of DNA |
| Denaturation | step 1 of PCR: using heat to separate the 2 DNA strands |
| Annealing | step 2 of PCR: the 2 separated strands of DNA get cooled and then are joined by the primers |
| Extension/DNA synthesis | step 3 of PCR: makes more copies of DNA. DNA polymerase will work on both strands of DNA by using nucleotides as building material. Warmer than step 2 |
| Primers | copies the specific region of DNA to guide DNA polymerase |
| Recognition site | sequence of nucleotides that the restriction enzyme recognizes and cuts |
| Thermal cycler (PCR machine) | programed to change temperature to replicate DNA |
Created by:
lwstudystack
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