Question 1

What is DNA & what is the job of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
-- Double stranded (Double Helix)
JOB: blueprint (plan/code) for building proteins

Question 2

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and which bases pair in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Nitrogenous bases: 
Thymine 
Adenine 
Guanine
Cytosine 

A pairs with T
C pairs with G

Question 3

What is RNA & what is the job of RNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA: ribonucleic acid
JOB: used to make the proteins

Question 4

What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA and which bases pair in RNA?

Accepted Answer

Nitrogenous bases: 
Uracil
Adenine 
Guanine
Cytosine 

A pairs with U
C pairs with G

Question 5

What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

NUCLEOTIDES

Question 6

What are the three major components (parts) of any nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

1. a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA)
2. a phosphate group
3. a nitrogen-containing base.

Question 7

What are the three types of RNA?

Accepted Answer

1. messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. transfer RNA (tRNA)
3. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 8

What is transcription?  What molecule of RNA does it involve?
Where does it take place?

Accepted Answer

Molecule: mRNA 
Location: Nucleus 

Transcription Steps: 
--The DNA unzips. 
--Free RNA nucleotides attach to their matching DNA bases.
--mRNA (Transcript) strand leaves the nucleus through the pores (tiny holes).

Question 9

What is translation?  What molecule of RNA does it involve?
Where does it take place?

Accepted Answer

Molecule: tRNA 
Location: Ribosome
Translation Steps: 
--mRNA attaches to ribosome
--mRNA is read 3 bases (1 codon) at a time
--tRNA brings and attaches appropriate amino acid

Question 10

What is a codon and where is it found?

Accepted Answer

a CODON is a 3 nucleotide sequence found on the mRNA that codes for a specific Amino Acid

Question 11

How do you use a chart and decode the amino acids in a nucleotide sequence in mRNA or DNA..

If GIVEN DNA, what do you do? (What are the steps)

Accepted Answer

1. Transcribe ( DNA into mRNA)
2. Translate (mRNA to amino acid sequence using CODON chart) 
3. Be sure to add dashes between amino acids to show peptide bonds. 
4. WRITE NOTHING FOR THE STOP CODON

Question 12

How do you use a chart to decode the amino acids in a nucleotide sequence in mRNA or DNA..

If mRNA, what do you do? (What are the steps)

Accepted Answer

1. Translate (mRNA to amino acid sequence using CODON chart) 
2.  Be sure to add dashes between amino acids to show peptide bonds. 
3. WRITE NOTHING FOR THE STOP CODON

Question 13

Define mutation.

Accepted Answer

A change in the DNA or RNA
MOST mutations are HARMFUL

Question 14

Why is mutation on the DNA is more harmful than a mutation to the RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA mutations are more harmful because they are permanent and affect all cells, and can be passed on to offspring 
RNA mutations are temporary .

Question 15

What is the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation?

Accepted Answer

Gene mutation: affects or impacts ONE  nucleotide 
Chromosomal mutation: affect or impacts entire section of a chromosome

Question 16

GENE mutations: 
Substitution
Addition or Deletion of a nucleotide: this changes the entire amino acid order after  the mutation.

Accepted Answer

-->Substitution-When a DNA strand is being copied,  one nucleotide is replaced by the WRONG nucleotide-only affects ONE amino acid

Question 17

GENE mutations: 
Addition & Deletion.

Accepted Answer

-->Addition or Deletion of a nucleotide: this changes the order of all the nucleotides that come after the mutation.

Question 18

Describe the following  types of chromosomal mutations:
Deletion
Duplication

Accepted Answer

--Deletion (entire section deleted) 
Ex: ABC DEF-->AC DEF 
--Duplication (entire section copied) 
Ex: ABC DEF-->AABC DEF

Question 19

Describe the following types of chromosomal mutations: 
Translocation
Inversion

Accepted Answer

--Translocation-(Part breaks off & attaches to another) 
Ex: ABC DEF--> ABC DE
         IJKL--GH IJKLF
--Inversion (section breaks off & attach to another)
Ex: ABC DEF--> AED CEF

Question 20

What is meant by selective breeding?  Why is it a type of artificial selection?

Accepted Answer

Selective Breeding: 
Breeding organisms to try to get  more of a specific, desirable trait. 
Why is it a type of Artificial selection: 
Humans choose which trait they want more of, and breed for that trait.

Question 21

What is the difference between hybridization and inbreeding?

Accepted Answer

Hybridization: crossing different species in order to bring out a characteristic of BOTH in the offspring  

Inbreeding: breeding closely related individuals of the same species in order to improve a specific feature..

Question 22

Explain the difference between: 
haploid (N)
diploid (2N) 
polyploidy (3N)

Accepted Answer

--N- Haploid-Half chromosome number of gametes (sex cells) 
ex: Humans 23  
--2N-Diploid chromosome number of a species 
ex: Humans 46 
--3N-Polyploid= extra set of chromosomes ex: some plants can accept the extra chromosomes,  humans cannot

Question 23

What is a restriction enzyme and be able to give examples of when they are used.

Accepted Answer

Enzymes that cut the DNA at specific nucleotide sequences (this is their substrate) 
These are used to create transgenic organisms, 
Ex: insulin  created from bacteria.  
Also, cut the DNA at specific nucleotides for use in gel electrophoresis.

Question 24

What is a transgenic organism?

Accepted Answer

Organisms that contain a GENE or GENES that were taken OUT of one species and put into another species.

Question 25

Steps involved in CLONING  (Using the cloning of Dolly as an example.)

Accepted Answer

1. Take the nucleus from donor’s body cell (diploid number --full set of chromosomes) 
2. Take an egg cell from another donor & remove the haploid nucleus (1/2  number of chromosomes). 
3. Then combine the 2 cells to create a zygote (DIPLOID-full set)

Question 26

Steps involved in CLONING  (Using the cloning of Dolly as an example.) continued

Accepted Answer

4. Then, the zygote begins to divide through mitosis; it becomes an embryo. 
5. The embryo is then put into another (a 3rd) sheep who will carry the embryo through its development & give birth to the NEW, CLONED LAMB.

Question 27

Which sheep is the new, cloned lamb identical to?

Accepted Answer

The cloned baby LAMB is genetically identical to sheep A  (the first donor)

Question 28

What is the downside/risk to cloning?

Accepted Answer

***Downside: Dolly was the 1st sheep ever cloned. She grew up and had her own babies, but they noticed that she was aging too quickly because the DNA originally used was from an older sheep, not a newborn.

Question 29

What is the benefit to cloning?

Accepted Answer

**Benefit of cloning: if you successfully create a transgenic organism, then you can continue the family line by cloning it

Question 30

What is gel electrophoresis and how it is used to compare organisms?

Accepted Answer

A technique that is used to separate DNA fragments based on their size. (With the help of RESTRICTION ENZYMES) 
***This allows us to see which  organisms are most closely related based on the similar banding patterns.***

Question 31

What is the setup for gel electrophoresis?

Accepted Answer

The set up has wells for the sample DNA & a positive and negatively charged end. 
DNA has a negative “-” charge! So, the DNA will move towards the positive end of the setup.
The negative pole is always where the wells are (where the sample is collected)

Question 32

How can cells of the same multicellular organism have the same DNA, but have different jobs and functions? 
EX: Blood cell, Bone cell, Nerve cell, Muscle cell

Accepted Answer

All cells have the same blueprint (DNA) but it depends on what genes are being activated/ expressed.

Question 33

What are the  steps of bacterial transformation? 
Steps 1-3

Accepted Answer

1. Restriction Enzymes cut the DNA at specific nucleotides
2. This leaves the gene with sticky ends
3. Plasmid (small rings of DNA in bacteria) are cut by Restriction Enzymes at specific nucleotide & also have sticky ends

Question 34

What are the  steps of bacterial transformation? 
Steps 4-5

Accepted Answer

4. The complementary sticky ends of both the gene and plasmid combine (recombinant DNA) 
5. They are then inserted back into the Bacterial Cell which reproduces asexually (makes copies) & passes recombinant DNA to offspring

Question 35

How can bacterial transformation help/ benefit humans?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial Transformation can be used to make human insulin 
It is a fast and easier source of insulin than using insulin from pigs or sheep (like we used to)

Modern Genetics

For Friday's test

Question	Answer
What is DNA & what is the job of DNA?	Deoxyribonucleic Acid -- Double stranded (Double Helix) JOB: blueprint (plan/code) for building proteins
What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and which bases pair in DNA?	Nitrogenous bases: Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine A pairs with T C pairs with G
What is RNA & what is the job of RNA?	RNA: ribonucleic acid JOB: used to make the proteins
What are the nitrogenous bases of RNA and which bases pair in RNA?	Nitrogenous bases: Uracil Adenine Guanine Cytosine A pairs with U C pairs with G
What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?	NUCLEOTIDES
What are the three major components (parts) of any nucleotide?	1. a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) 2. a phosphate group 3. a nitrogen-containing base.
What are the three types of RNA?	1. messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. transfer RNA (tRNA) 3. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
What is transcription? What molecule of RNA does it involve? Where does it take place?	Molecule: mRNA Location: Nucleus Transcription Steps: --The DNA unzips. --Free RNA nucleotides attach to their matching DNA bases. --mRNA (Transcript) strand leaves the nucleus through the pores (tiny holes).
What is translation? What molecule of RNA does it involve? Where does it take place?	Molecule: tRNA Location: Ribosome Translation Steps: --mRNA attaches to ribosome --mRNA is read 3 bases (1 codon) at a time --tRNA brings and attaches appropriate amino acid
What is a codon and where is it found?	a CODON is a 3 nucleotide sequence found on the mRNA that codes for a specific Amino Acid
How do you use a chart and decode the amino acids in a nucleotide sequence in mRNA or DNA.. If GIVEN DNA, what do you do? (What are the steps)	1. Transcribe ( DNA into mRNA) 2. Translate (mRNA to amino acid sequence using CODON chart) 3. Be sure to add dashes between amino acids to show peptide bonds. 4. WRITE NOTHING FOR THE STOP CODON
How do you use a chart to decode the amino acids in a nucleotide sequence in mRNA or DNA.. If mRNA, what do you do? (What are the steps)	1. Translate (mRNA to amino acid sequence using CODON chart) 2. Be sure to add dashes between amino acids to show peptide bonds. 3. WRITE NOTHING FOR THE STOP CODON
Define mutation.	A change in the DNA or RNA MOST mutations are HARMFUL
Why is mutation on the DNA is more harmful than a mutation to the RNA?	DNA mutations are more harmful because they are permanent and affect all cells, and can be passed on to offspring RNA mutations are temporary .
What is the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation?	Gene mutation: affects or impacts ONE nucleotide Chromosomal mutation: affect or impacts entire section of a chromosome
GENE mutations: Substitution Addition or Deletion of a nucleotide: this changes the entire amino acid order after the mutation.	-->Substitution-When a DNA strand is being copied, one nucleotide is replaced by the WRONG nucleotide-only affects ONE amino acid
GENE mutations: Addition & Deletion.	-->Addition or Deletion of a nucleotide: this changes the order of all the nucleotides that come after the mutation.
Describe the following types of chromosomal mutations: Deletion Duplication	--Deletion (entire section deleted) Ex: ABC DEF-->AC DEF --Duplication (entire section copied) Ex: ABC DEF-->AABC DEF
Describe the following types of chromosomal mutations: Translocation Inversion	--Translocation-(Part breaks off & attaches to another) Ex: ABC DEF--> ABC DE IJKL--GH IJKLF --Inversion (section breaks off & attach to another) Ex: ABC DEF--> AED CEF
What is meant by selective breeding? Why is it a type of artificial selection?	Selective Breeding: Breeding organisms to try to get more of a specific, desirable trait. Why is it a type of Artificial selection: Humans choose which trait they want more of, and breed for that trait.
What is the difference between hybridization and inbreeding?	Hybridization: crossing different species in order to bring out a characteristic of BOTH in the offspring Inbreeding: breeding closely related individuals of the same species in order to improve a specific feature..
Explain the difference between: haploid (N) diploid (2N) polyploidy (3N)	--N- Haploid-Half chromosome number of gametes (sex cells) ex: Humans 23 --2N-Diploid chromosome number of a species ex: Humans 46 --3N-Polyploid= extra set of chromosomes ex: some plants can accept the extra chromosomes, humans cannot
What is a restriction enzyme and be able to give examples of when they are used.	Enzymes that cut the DNA at specific nucleotide sequences (this is their substrate) These are used to create transgenic organisms, Ex: insulin created from bacteria. Also, cut the DNA at specific nucleotides for use in gel electrophoresis.
What is a transgenic organism?	Organisms that contain a GENE or GENES that were taken OUT of one species and put into another species.
Steps involved in CLONING (Using the cloning of Dolly as an example.)	1. Take the nucleus from donor’s body cell (diploid number --full set of chromosomes) 2. Take an egg cell from another donor & remove the haploid nucleus (1/2 number of chromosomes). 3. Then combine the 2 cells to create a zygote (DIPLOID-full set)
Steps involved in CLONING (Using the cloning of Dolly as an example.) continued	4. Then, the zygote begins to divide through mitosis; it becomes an embryo. 5. The embryo is then put into another (a 3rd) sheep who will carry the embryo through its development & give birth to the NEW, CLONED LAMB.
Which sheep is the new, cloned lamb identical to?	The cloned baby LAMB is genetically identical to sheep A (the first donor)
What is the downside/risk to cloning?	***Downside: Dolly was the 1st sheep ever cloned. She grew up and had her own babies, but they noticed that she was aging too quickly because the DNA originally used was from an older sheep, not a newborn.
What is the benefit to cloning?	**Benefit of cloning: if you successfully create a transgenic organism, then you can continue the family line by cloning it
What is gel electrophoresis and how it is used to compare organisms?	A technique that is used to separate DNA fragments based on their size. (With the help of RESTRICTION ENZYMES) *This allows us to see which organisms are most closely related based on the similar banding patterns.*
What is the setup for gel electrophoresis?	The set up has wells for the sample DNA & a positive and negatively charged end. DNA has a negative “-” charge! So, the DNA will move towards the positive end of the setup. The negative pole is always where the wells are (where the sample is collected)
How can cells of the same multicellular organism have the same DNA, but have different jobs and functions? EX: Blood cell, Bone cell, Nerve cell, Muscle cell	All cells have the same blueprint (DNA) but it depends on what genes are being activated/ expressed.
What are the steps of bacterial transformation? Steps 1-3	1. Restriction Enzymes cut the DNA at specific nucleotides 2. This leaves the gene with sticky ends 3. Plasmid (small rings of DNA in bacteria) are cut by Restriction Enzymes at specific nucleotide & also have sticky ends
What are the steps of bacterial transformation? Steps 4-5	4. The complementary sticky ends of both the gene and plasmid combine (recombinant DNA) 5. They are then inserted back into the Bacterial Cell which reproduces asexually (makes copies) & passes recombinant DNA to offspring
How can bacterial transformation help/ benefit humans?	Bacterial Transformation can be used to make human insulin It is a fast and easier source of insulin than using insulin from pigs or sheep (like we used to)

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