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Weather 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Weather | the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place -comes from a combination of Earths motions and energy from the sun |
| Climate | "Average Weather" -based on observations of weather over the years |
| Air | a mixture of different gases -70% nitrogen -21% oxygen -.93% argon -.039% carbon dioxide |
| Variable Components | - Water vapor ranges from 0-4% -source of all precipitation -Dust particles - sea salt, fine soil, smoke, soot, pollen, microorganisms, and ash -ozone - protects from UV radiation( found in stratosphere) |
| Human Influence | - Air pollution (endangers health) -primary (directly into air) -Secondary ( formed in atmosphere) - photochemical (triggered by sunlight) |
| Trophosphere | -Lower Layer -Where all weather occurs -ends at 'tropopause' |
| Stratosphere | -contains ozone layer -ends at 'stratopause' |
| Thermosphere | -no well defined outer limit -air is extremely thin |
| Cause of Seasons | -Energy not distributed - the Earth axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 - angle of sunlight changes throughout the year because of the tilt - more direct= summer; closer to 90 degree angle - less direct= winter; shallow angle |
| Angle of insolation | - closer to 90 degrees; heats up quickly - closer to 0 degrees; heats up slowly - smaller area, same amount of insolation spread out over a greater area |
| Heat | form of energy that is transferred from one object to another because of temperature differences |
| temperature | a measure of the average kinetic energy of a sample |
| Conduction | -heat transfer by direct contact - based on touching particles - temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy - hotter things= particles are moving faster - bump into each other, speed more particles up |
| Good conductors | metals |
| bad conductors | air |
| Convection | - heat transfer by mass movement of particles - based on density differences -hot things are less dense, so they rise - only with liquids and gases |
| The sun | - source of energy for weather - emits electromagnetic radiation (waves) -lights (visible) - infrared ( felt as heat) - uv ( ultraviolet) |
| radiation | - transfer of heat as a wave - how energy gets to the earth from the sun - travels out in all directions - all objects emit radiation, hotter emit more and shorter wavelengths - if it absorbs, it also emits |
| Radiation from the sun | - Absorbed- converted to heat - reflected/ scattered - transmitted ( to be let through) - photosynthesis ( absorbed by plants) |
| All objects emit radiation | - frequency of electromagnetic waves emitted depends on temperature - higher temperature = shorter waves - carbon dioxide is " transparent" to shorter wavelengths, but absorbs longer wavelengths |
| The Greenhouse effect | - carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane - absorb and reradiate the energy- some to space, some back to earth - "traps" heat in the earth, keep us from cooling down as much as we would without It |
| Equilibrium | balance |
| Temperature Controls | - latitude - healing of land and water - altitude - cloud cover |
| Latitude | - higher latitudes, lower angle of insolation, lower temperatures |
| Land and Water | Land heats up and cools down faster than water because it has a lower specific heat |
| specific heat | the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1 degree |
| geographic Position | - direction that the land is blowing from can cause two very similar locations to have very different temperatures |
| altitude | higher= cooler |
| Albedo | fraction of radiation reflection by a surface - light colors reflect more - dark colors absorb more |
| Volcanic Eruptions | - often put ash into atmosphere -can cause decrease in temperature |
Created by:
sydney.holtz
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