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Nervous system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | brain and spinal cord; control center: receives, translates, and sends nervous impulses |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | sense organs and nerves going to and from CNS; 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| sensory PNS | Detect changes in internal and external environment |
| motor PNS | control activities of body: conscious and subconscious |
| Somatic system | neurons dealing with external environment conscious responses and adjustments to them, Controls skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic system | regulates the internal environment/ homeostasis (subconscious); Controls smooth muscles and gland |
| Sympathetic system | Stimulate organs and mobilize energy |
| Parasympathetic system | Influence organs to conserve or restore energy |
| Sensory or afferent neurons | transmit signals towards CNS |
| Motor or efferent neurons | transmit signals from CNS to effectors (glands and muscles) |
| Association neurons or interneurons | sort and interpret incoming information and determine appropriate response; found inside the CNS |
| Neuron structure | cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin, axon terminals, nodes of Ranvier (axons are 1 meter long) |
| Neuroglia cells | Schwann Cells, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal Cells |
| Schwann cells | found in PNS; Form a myelin sheath insulating axons; Speeds up neuron impulses |
| Phagocytic | remove microorganisms and debris from tissue |
| Neuron Stimulation | stimulation must reach threshold to fire (Stimuli = light, chemical, mechanical, etc.) |
| Resting potential | neuron at rest has a difference in electrical charge = polarized |
| Creating a resting potential | Na/K pump pumps Na out faster than K in. (requires ATP), Cell membrane is more permeable to potassium, so leaks back out rapidly, More large neg. ions inside which cannot cross membrane |
| Depolarization | stimulation opens Na channels – Na rushes into the cell changing polarity |
| Action potential | impulse to travels down the axon in wave of depolarization. |
| Repolarization | Na channels close quickly but K channels remain open so K moves out re-establishing a (+) charge outside the cell |
| Refractory period | time in which a neuron cannot fire again until the Na/K pump re-establishes the original resting potential |
| Depolarization only occurs at | Nodes of Ranvier |
| Action potential “jumps” from | Node to Node |
| When action potential reaches end of axon | neurotransmitter is released |
| Complete transmission is an | electrochemical event |
| Reflexes | rapid, predictable and involuntary response to stimulus, rapid because do not go to brain for cognitive evaluation and response |
| Autonomic reflexes | subconsciously regulate smooth muscle, heart, and glands; ex. Saliva production digestion, blood pressure, heart-rate, breathing |
| Somatic reflexes | reflexes that involve skeletal muscle, protect body and tissues from harm; ex. Tendon reflex (knee-jerk) – balance, withdrawal reflex, gag reflex, blink reflex |
| Drugs and the Nervous system | seem to act on pleasure centers of brain, most act by changing the levels of neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine |
| Depressants | slow down electrochemical events in CNS, decreasing neurotransmitter activity or membrane permeability; effects – euphoria, relaxation, lower inhibitions; ex. Barbiturates, valium, marijuana, alcohol |
| Stimulants | speed up CNS events, block neurotransmitter re-absorption or increase levels; effects – hyperactivity, alertness, increased energy; ex. Cocaine, caffeine, ecstasy, meth, nicotine |
| Hallucinogens | greatly increase neurotransmitter release or act as neurotransmitters and stimulate brain w/o any external stimulus; effects – overexcitation, sensory distortion, hallucinations; ex. LSD, PCP, psilocybin (mushrooms), peyote |
| Opiates | mimic endophins, block feelings of pain, cause sedation; ex. codeine, morphine, heroin and hydrocodone |
| Addiction | user becomes depend on drug because of physiological changes in brain; will show withdrawal symptoms if withheld |
| Tolerance | response to drug decreases, greater amounts are required to obtain same effect; liver able metabolize the drug more efficiently |
| fibrous membranes around CNS | Dura mater, Arachnoid layer, Pia mater |
| Dura mater | outmost layer – fused with skeleton |
| Arachnoid layer | spider web pattern provides cushion; Subarachnoid space – between arachnoid and pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid |
| Pia mater | clings tightly to CNS tissue, vascular to deliver nutrients |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Watery solution produced from blood (in choroid plexus and lateral ventricles), Continuously circulates around CNS, Serves as cushion for brain and spinal cord (brain floats in it). |
| Meningitis | inflammation of the meninges because of bacterial, viral or fungal infection |
| Spinal Cord | Site of ascending and descending nerve tracts for brain |
| Gray matter | interneurons involved in spinal reflexes |
| White matter | myelinated axons (ascending and descending) |
| Dorsal (posterior) nerve roots | sensory nerves entering spinal cord |
| Ventral (anterior) nerve roots | motor nerves (axons) leaving spinal cord |
| Four major components of brain | Cerebral hemispheres (Cerebrum), Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brain stem( Midbrai, Pons, Medula oblongata) |
| Lobes of the Cerebrum | Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula |
| Fissure | deep groove in cerebral cortex |
| Sulcus | shallow groove in cerebral cortex |
| Gyrus | elevated areas between sulci |
| Functions of the Limbic System | Hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala, Short term memory, Emotions: pleasure, pain affection, anger, fear, sorrow, sexual feelings,etc; moving memories from short term to long term. |
| Motor area | lie in frontal lobes; Primary motor area – controls skeletal muscle movements: Broca's area; Frontal eye field |
| Sensory areas | located in several lobes; Primary sensory area – sensations from areas on skin; Visual cortex area; Primary auditory area; Taste and Olfactory area |
| Association areas | area analyze and interpret sensory experiences, memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgement, emotion; Somatosensory association area; Wernicke’s area; Gustatory area Premotor area; Auditory association area; Prefrontal lobe; Visual association |
| Broca’s area (motor speech area) | controls complex muscle actions for speech (only in dominant hemisphere) |
| Frontal eye field | voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids |
| Visual cortex area | signals from eyes |
| Primary auditory area | signals for ears |
| Taste and Olfactory area | signals for tongue and nose |
| Somatosensory association area | processing and interpreting somatosensory receptions |
| Wernicke’s area | understanding language |
| Gustatory area | preception of taste |
| Premotor area | decisions in what muscles move |
| Auditory association area | processing and recognizing sounds |
| Prefrontal lobe | higher intellectual processes (concentrating, planning, problem solving, and judging consequences of behavior |
| Visual association | analyze visual patterns and recognize faces and objects |
| Polio | viral infection; Contaminated drinking water, food, or person to person; gastrointestinal but makes way in CNS – inflammation; Lose somatic reflexes, paralysis, and death |
| Cerebral palsy | damaged motor areas in fetus, at birth, or infancy; Measles infections, radiation, oxygen starvation; Most common motor disability in children (movement and balance) |
| Parkinson’s | areas of cerebrum deteriorate; Neurons that release dopamine (neurotransmitter) degenerate; Skeletal movements become hard to control, tremor |
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | myelin sheaths of CNS disappear or harden (autoimmune disease) Interferes with nerve impulse transmission |
| Epilepsy | short, recurrent, periodic attacks of motor, sensory, and psychological malfunction; Abnormal discharge of electricity from millions of neurons |
| Epilepsy (Grand mal) | worst type, sometimes warning signs; Causes range from injury to brain, tumors, infections, childhood diseases to unknown |
| Stroke | disorders effecting blood supply to brain; Artery ruptures – pressure builds on brain; Blood clot or blockage – cuts off oxygen |
| An unstimulated cell usually have a resting potential of | -70mV |
| If graded potentials sum to -55mV a | threshold potential is achieved - This triggers an action potential |
| Saltatory conduction | In myelinated neurons only unmyelinated regions of the axon depolarize; Thus, the impulse moves faster than in unmyelinated neurons |
| Acetylcholine | Excitatory to skeletal muscle; Inhibitory to cardiac muscle.; Secreted by the CNS, PNS, and at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions |
| Biogenic Amines (Epinephrine and norepinephrine) | Can have excitatory or inhibitory effects; Secreted by the CNS and PNS; Secreted by the adrenal glands. |
| Dopamine | Generally excitatory; may be inhibitory at some sites; Widespread in the brain; Affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning; Secreted by the CNS and PNS |
| Lack of dopamine | Parkinson’s disease |
| Excessive dopamine | schizophrenia |
| Serotonin | Generally inhibitory; Widespread in the brain; Affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning; Secreted by the CNS |
Created by:
hholbach
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