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Holt Biology Ch 8

Vocabulary terms for Holt Modern Biology Chapter 8

VocabDefinitions
Autosome a chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome
Centromere A region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids are held together and which is the site of attachment of the chromosome to the spindl fibers during mitosis
Chromatid One of two identical parts of a double stranded chromosome.
Diploid Cell that has both chromosomes of each homologous pair
Haploid Cell that has only one chromosome of each homologous pair
Histone Proteins that maintain the shape of the chromosome and help with the tight packing of DNA
Homologous Chromosome The two copies of each autosome
Karyotype A photomicrograph of the chromosomes in a dividing cell
Nonhistone Proteins that direct the activities of the specific regions of DNA
Sex Chromosome The two chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism
Anaphase The phase of mitosis where the chromosomes separate
Binary Fission An asexual cell division of prokaryotes that produces identical offspring
Cell Cycle The events of cell division that includes interphase mitosis and cytokinesis
Cell Plate A membrane that divides newly forming plant cells following mitosis
Centriole A structure that appears during mitosis of animal cells (holds the spindle fibers)
Centrosome A dark body containing a centriole in animal cells but not in plant cells; spindle fibers radiate from the centrosome in preparation for mitosis
Cleavage Furrow The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell
Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm
G0 phase A phase of the cell cycle in which the cell is not dividing and its DNA is not replicating
G1 phase The first period of interphase in which the cell doubles in size
G2 phase The final period of interphase in which the cell undergoes rapid growth and prepares mitosis
Interphase A period of cell growth and development that precedes eukaryotic nuclear division
Kinetochore A disk-shaped protein found in the centromere region of a chromosome and attaches the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle
Kinetochore Fiber A spindle fiber that extends from the centrosome at one pole of the cell to a chromatid during mitosis
Meiosis Process of nuclear division that divides the number of chromosomes by half
Metaphase All of the chromosomes line up along the cell's equator
Mitosis Process of nuclear division in which offspring cells are identical to the parent cell
Mitotic Spindle The array of spindle fibers that serve to divide the chromatids during nuclear division
M Phase The phase of cell division in which the nucleus divides
Polar Fiber Spindle fibers that extend from pole to pole of a dividing cell
Prophase Stage characterized by condensation of the chromosomes
S Phase DNA Replicates
Spindle Fiber One of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell and helps with the movement of chromosomes
Telophase A nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes.
Asexual Reproduction Involves no union of gametes
Crossing-over The exchange of genes by reciprocal segments of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Gamete A reproductive cell
Genetic recombination A new combination of genetic material
Independent assortment The random separation of homologous chromosomes
Oogenesis The production of a mature egg
Polar bodies One of the small cells produced and discarded during each of the two meiotic cell divisions that yield a haploid egg
Sexual Reproduction Production of offspring from the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms
Spermatid A haploid cell that develops into a mature sperm cell
Spermatogenesis The production of sperm cells
Synapsis The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Tetrad A group of two homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Created by: jmglbrt
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