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A & P 2-3- Cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| body’s level of organization | o Atoms o Molecules o Larger molecules o Cells o Tissues o Organs o Organ systems o Organism |
| • Cytoplasmic membrane | keeps the cell whole and intact • Allows certain substances to pass through and prevents others from entering |
| • Cytoplasm— | the area where most cellular activity occurs The working and storage areas • Surrounds and supports organelles Medium thru which nutrients and waste move |
| • Nucleus— | control center Directs cell activity and is necessary for reproduction The site of the genetic material, DNA |
| • Nucleolus— | forms ribosomes |
| • Endoplasmic reticulum | —transports material thru the cytoplasm |
| • Rough ER— | contains the ribosomes where protein is synthesized |
| • Smooth ER— | site of steroid synthesis |
| • Mitochondria— | converts energy in nutrients to ATP (power plants of the cell) |
| • Golgi apparatus— | packages protein with membrane Puts the finishing touches on protein |
| • Ribosome— | site of protein synthesis |
| • Lysosomes— | housekeeping within the cell Phagocytosis through powerful enzymes |
| • Cytoskeleton— | provides for intracellular shape and support |
| • Centrioles— | help separate the chromosomes during mitosis |
| • Cilia—surface | create movement over the cell |
| • Flagella— | create movement of cell (allow the sperm to swim) |
| CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLS | Irritability—responds to stimuli Growth and reproduction—grows larger in size and continues the species |
| o | |
| o Metabolism— | chemical rxn consisting of: |
| • Anabolism— | forming new substances to build new cell material |
| • Catabolism— | breaking down substances into simpler substances and disposing of waste |
| o Contractibility— | the ability to shorten |
| o Conductivity— | the ability to txfr an electrical charge |
| • Passive transport mechanism | Req no input of energy (ATP) |
| o Diffusion— | causes a substance to move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration |
| o Facilitated diffusion— | is the same as diffusion but uses a helper molecule to increase the rate of diffusion |
| o Osmosis— | is a special case of diffusion using a semi-permeable membrane |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | Pumps move substances from an area of lower concentration to an area Of higher concentration |
| CELL CYCLE | G1 S G2 M Phase- Mitotic MITOSIS- Cell division |
| CELL MEMBRANE | |
| CELLS | |
| CYTOPLASM | |
| DIFFERENTIATE | |
| DIFFUSION | |
| ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM | |
| EQUILIBRIUM | |
| EXOCYTOSIS | |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | |
| • MITOSIS- is the process of Cell Division | Distributes identical ?Chromosome (DNA molecules) to each cell formed o Enables cells to reproduce their own kind |
| • MEIOSIS- | Type of cell division used by the sex cells (Ovum & sperm) o With cell division the of chromosomes in each cells is reduced from 46-23 (half female, half male) |
| ANABOLISM | Buildup or synthesis of complex to simpler substances |
| CATABOLISM | Breakdown of complex to simpler |
| TONICITY | |
| ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS | |
| HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS | |
| HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS | |
| FILTRATION | |
| PHAGOCYTOSIS | |
| PINOCYTOSIS | |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | |
| EXOCYTOSIS | |
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT | |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | |
| MITOSIS | |
| CELL CYCLE | |
| INTERPHASE | |
| PHASE G1 | |
| PHASE S | |
| PHASE G2 | |
| MITOSIS (M PHASE-MITOTIC) | |
| G0 | |
| STEM CELLS | |
| BENIGN TUMOR | |
| MALIGNANT TUMOR | |
| METASTASIS | |
| SMEAR | |
| NECROSE | |
| metabolism | Series of chemical reactions necessary for the use of raw material |
| carbohydrates | CHO |
| monosaccharides | 3-6 Carbons. GLUCOSE (Most important energy source)/ FRUCTOSE(2 glucose)/ GALACTOSE (to glucose)/ DEOXYRIBOSE (DNA)/ RIBOSE (RNA) |
| Disaccharides | Must be broken down(catabolism) to be digested SUCROSE MALTOSE LACTOSE |
| Polysaccharides | STARCHES (Plant foods) GLYCOGEN (Animal starch-excess glucose in liver & skeletal muscle) CELLULOSE (Nondigestible by humans-Fiber in diet) |
| USES OF GLUCOSE | 1- burned as fuel energy 2- stored as Glycogen then burned 3- stored as fat then burned at later time |
| ANAEROBIC CATABOLISM-GLYCOLOSIS | Absence of O2. Glucose is broken down into PYRUVIC acid & LACTIC acid Small amt of ATP |
| AEROBIC CATABOLISM | Glucose is broken down to from CO2,H2O & ATP Pyruvic acid is broken down in Cytoplasm then MITOCHONDRIA-Require O2 -(Results in CO2&H2O=stored Energy is released -If O2 is not present, Pyruvic acid cannot enter 2 Mitochondria |
| Sets of enzymes in Mitochondria | Kreb's Cycle Electron transport Chain |
| LACTIC ACIDOSIS | Lack of O2,Pyruvic acid cannot enter the mitochondria therefore is converted to LACTIC ACID; Build-up of L.A. |
| GLUCONEOGENESIS | Making of GLUCOSE form non glucose sources, especially protein in the LIVER Mechanism in the regulation of blood sugar. |
| DIABETES | lack of insulin for the glucose metabolism. Insulin helps transport glucose into cell.Lack of it causes glucose to be accumulated in the blood, not in the cells= Hyperglycemic |
| KREB’S CYCLE (MITOCHONDRIA) | Sequence of enzymatic reactions involving metabolism of C chains of sugars, fatty acids,& amino acids to ⇒CO2,H2O and High energy Phosphate Bonds |
| LIPIDS= Fats & Oils | source of energy & in the synthesis of membranes Fats solid @ room temp Oils Liquid @ room temp Building blocks of lipids are fatty acids & glycerol |
| PHOSPHOLIPIDS | Important component of cell membrane |
| CITRIC ACID CYCLE (MITOCHONDRIA) | Provides major source of ATP energy & also produces intermediate molecules=starting pts for a # of vital pathways including amino acid synthesis |
| TRIGLYCERIDES | Protect & insulate body.Major source of stored energy |
| STEROIDS-CHOLESTEROL (Liver) | Cholesterol- Synthesis of steroids Bile salts- Ca & P homeostasis Adrenal cortex- necessary for life Testes & ovaries Hormones- secretes sex hormones |
| LIPOID SUBSTANCES | Fat soluble Vitamins (A,K,D,E) Prostaglandins- Cell membranes, smooth muscle contraction Lipoproteins- Transport fatty acids HDL-Good Cholesterol LDL- Bad cholesterol |
| PROTEINS | Most hormones are proteins (Hemoglobin) Synthesis for physiological function. CAN BE BROKEN DOWN & used as source of energy for ATP but not ideal. |
| AMINO ACIDS | Building blocks of proteins. 20 amino acids. CHON |
| NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS | Amino acids that can be synthesized by the liver |
| PEPTIDE BOND | NH2-Amine group joins with the acid COOH group |
| PEPTIDE | several amino acids are joined POLYPEPTIDE-Many amino acids |
| GLYCOPROTEIN lipoprotein | Sugar + Protein Lipid + Protein |
| PROTEINS IN CELL MEMBRANES | Determine pore size Allow hormones to recognize cell |
| COLLAGEN | Components of muscle & tendons |
| KERATIN | Skin & hair |
| PEPTIDE HORMONES | Insulin, Growth Hormones |
| HEMOGLOBIN | Transports O2 |
| ANTIBODIES | Protect body from disease-causing microorganisms |
| PLASMA PROTEINS | Blood clotting/ Fluid balance |
| MUSCLE PROTEINS | Muscle to contract |
| ENZYMES | Regulate chemical reactions |
| NITROGEN | Either recycled & used to synthesized amino acids (Most of it is recycled) Or converted to Urea & excreted |
| UREA | By the liver from Nitrogen. Then kidneys eliminate the Urine. |
| HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY | Toxic effect of ammonia due to the rise of blood level (BUN- Lab test) |
| DNA-Nucleic Acid | Code for the structure of a protein. Pattern of Amino acid assembly. Made of Sugar Phosphate molecules. |
| NUCLEOTIDES | Nucleic Acid= Sugar,Phosphate group & base To form 2 long strands (double helix) |
| BASES OF DNA Base Pairing: A-T C-G | A- ADENINE C- CYTOSINE G- GUANINE T- THYAMINE |
| GENETIC CODE | Hereditary units (Genes) |
| BASE -PAIRING (2) | Way in which 2 strands of DNA are linked together by the bases |
| BASE-SEQUENCE (1) | Order of bases along a single strand of DNA |
| RNA | Copying & delivery of the genetic code Composed of SUGAR: RIBOSE One strand T-U G-C |
| mRNA | Messenger RNA= copies code from DNA in nucleus to Ribosomes in the Cytoplasm COPYCAT= cOPYING of CODE= Transcription |
| tRNA | Transfer of RNA, "READ" the code on the ribosomes from mRNA then is assembled in the proper sequence as polypeptide protein is formed |
| PURINE | ADENINE & GUANINE |
| PYRIMIDINES | Cytosine Thymine Uracil |
| cytotoxic agents | dRUGS that distort genetic code, impair protein synthesis & kill cancer cell (including normal cells) |
| PROTEIN SYNTHESIS | 1- DNA in the nucleus separate-copied onto mRNA 2- mRNA leaves nucleus and goes to RIBOSOMES 3- mRNA determines what amino acid can bind 4- Amino acids are lined up in sequencepeptide chain 5- Protein chain is terminated when amino acids have been a |
| TRANSLATION | Reading (RECOGNITION) of mRNA code by tRNA. |
| TRANSCRIPTION | Copying of code of DNA in the nucleus by mRNA |
| CYANIDE POISONING | Poison that inactivates some enzymes in mitochondria causing lack of O for ATP |
| ENZYME DEFICIENCY DISEASES | PHENYLKETONURIA- Deficiency of Phenylalanine-Mental retardation CYSTIC FIBROSIS- Difficulty breathing due to mucus & decreased secretion of pancreatic enzymes GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE-excess glycogen in liver |
| HORMONAL DISORDERS | DIABETES MELLITUS- Lack of insulin affects metabolism HYPERTHYROIDISM- Increase metabolic rate: heart |
| HYPERMETABOLIC STATE | Sustained sever burns Life-threatening infections CACHEXIC Pts- Advanced cancer (who appear wasted) |
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