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Crime and Punishment
Sociological perspectives/theories on Crime and Puishment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Crime | Act committed against the law |
| Crime is labeled by | those in authority and prohibited by law |
| Who does crime effect? | All, victims, criminals, or bystanders |
| Most crime is measured by the | FBI |
| How is crime publicized | The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) |
| Why is the UCR incomplete data? | It is only crimes that where caught and charged, leaving any crimes committed and uncaught out of the data set. Not all types of crimes where reported |
| What does the UCR track? | murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, and hate crimes |
| Violent Crime | Murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault |
| How often does violent crime occur? | every 23.5 seconds in the USA |
| Crimes Against Property | Burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson |
| How often do crimes against property happen? | every 3.5 seconds in the U.S |
| Victimless Crimes | prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use, and vagrancy |
| What is a victimless crime? | A crime in which no body but the committer of said crime is harmed, however many people who commit victimless crimes also commit other crimes such as violent crimes. |
| What trend is crime going down (pre covid data) | Down |
| What has happened to the incarceration rate? (pre covid data) | Up |
| What are juvenile crimes? | Crimes that can only be committed by those under 18 |
| Juveniles are | the third largest category of criminals in the US |
| Juvenile crimes | truancy, underage drinking & smoking, fighting in school, etc. |
| Juvenile crimes rates have | gone down |
| Why is Juvenile crime declining? | Increased attention to at risk kids |
| What do we do with Juvenile delinquents | We aim to rehabilitate them more and more as time goes on. |
| What are white collar crimes? | These crimes are committed by those with high social status in the course of their professional lives |
| White collar crimes | fraud, misrepresentations, tax evasion, embezzlement, price fixing, toxic pollution, insider trading, and, political corruption |
| White collar crimes cost the US | more than $300 billion a year! |
| Types of white-collar crimes | Crimes against the company Crimes against employees (e.g., the neglect of worker safety) Crimes against customers Crimes against the public |
| Why don't I hear about white collar crimes? | White-collar crimes are less publicized and less severely punished, but ultimately more costly and more deadly than violent predatory crimes! |
| What is organized crime? | Large scale group of professional criminals, Use legal businesses as fronts for criminal activity |
| Organized Crime | Make huge profits through drug trafficking, unfair labor practices, illegal gambling, protection rackets, and loan sharking |
| Deviance | Deviance is a violation of ever-changing social norms |
| The Nature of Deviance | It includes a breaking norms, however this can mean different things based off situations/culture/laws |
| Clarify Norms | defines boundaries |
| Unify the Group | identify the outsider |
| Diffusing Tension | only if a minor act; demonstrations |
| Promoting Social Change | If a lot of people violate a norm, maybe it shouldn’t exist any longer |
| Providing Jobs | judges, lawyers, police, prison personnel, parole officers, crime reporters, criminologists |
| Strain Theory (functionalist) | Society says certain goals are important (e.g., economic gain), but some people cannot reach these goals; this strain causes deviant activity |
| Merton’s ways of adapting to strain | Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion. |
| Control Theory (functionalist) | Conformity to social norms depends on the presence of strong bonds between individuals and society; social bonds control behavior |
| Bonds and control theory | If bonds are weak – if anomie is present – deviance occurs If bonds are strong, people conform because they do not want to lose face with others |
| Components of social bonds | Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief |
| Attachment | the stronger your attachment to groups/individuals, the more likely you are to conform |
| Commitment | The greater your commitment to social goals, the more likely you are to conform |
| Involvement | participation in approved social activities increases the probability of conformity |
| Belief | belief in society’s norms & values promotes conformity |
| Differential Association Theory | Just as people learn preferences in religion and politics from those they associate with closely, they can learn deviance by association |
| Factors affecting differential association | Ratio of deviant to nondeviant individuals Significance of the person acting deviantly The age of exposure |
| Labeling Theory (Symbolic Interactionism) | Members of a society define (label) what is deviant and impose sanctions for that behavior |
| Being labeled can reinforce deviant behavior by: | Increasing alienation Forcing increased interaction with deviant peers Motivating juvenile delinquents to positively value and identify with the deviant status |
| Conflict Theory (Conflict Perspective) | Deviance is a result of social inequality |
Created by:
RedFlyingThing
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