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Bio II Exam 3 Prep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ecology | the study of the relationships among the organisms and the environment |
| Levels that ecologists study interactions | organismal, population, community |
| Population ecology | interbreeding organisms of one species occupying the same area at the same time |
| community ecology | all populations, representing multiple species in the same region |
| ecosystem | the biotic plus abiotic community |
| biotic | living |
| abiotic | non living |
| biosphere | all parts of the planet where life exists |
| habitat | physical location where members of a population live |
| population density | the number of individuals of a species per area or unit volume of a habitat |
| population distributions | describes how individuals are scattered throughout a habitat- uniform, clumped, or random |
| subpopulations | a circumstance can separate a population . Long term separation can lead to new species. |
| population characteristics | density, distribution, size (n), sex ratio, age structure |
| Density | number of organisms per unit of area |
| distribution | deals with the aggregation and local densities of organisms in space |
| sex ratio | ratio of males:females |
| 1:1 sex ratio | normal in animals |
| 1:10 sex ratio | when males have to fight to the death causing a high male mortality rate |
| age structure | categories: post breeding adults, breeding adults, juveniles |
| factors that increase population size | birth rate and immigration |
| factors that decrease population size | death rate and emigration |
| survivorship curves | helpful for finding population death rates, they show the proportion of individuals at each age- also useful to determine what percentage of individuals survive to reproductive age (they will contribute to the size of the next generation) |
| types of survivorship curves | Type I, Type II, Type III |
| Survivorship curves are... | K vs. r species, basically logarithmic vs exponential growth of species |
| Type I survivorship curve | late loss- species that invest a lot of energy caring for their young and have low death rates early in live. Most individuals survive to reproduce |
| Type II survivorship curve | constant loss- have an equal probability of dying at any age |
| Type III survivorship curve | early loss- species that invest little energy into caring for their young and have high death rates among offspring. Few individuals survive at reproductive age. |
| r vs K | different strategies for population growth- classified as being more r-selected or K-selected |
| r | per-capita growth rate of a population, a lot of offspring but invest little care, high repro rate, disperse widely, quick to expand or recolonize, boom and bust cycles, good to live in unpredictable environments |
| K | carrying capacity of the environment, invest lots in parental care, long-lived, small # of offspring, low per capita growth rates, strong in stable environments, most large species |
| exponential growth | describes r species- how does n change overtime=birth rate |
| logistic population growth | describes K species |
| r population growth | have exponential growth patterns that cause boom and bust cycles |
| K population growth | stable at carrying capacity and stable population size |
| Density independent factors | Density independent events reduce populations independently of population- they are chance events that occur regardless of a pop's charac such as a flood or fire, reduces both r and K species, but r species are more likley to re colonize and grow quickly |
| Density dependent factors | increases mortality as population size increases- non random processes from characteristics of the environment- limiting resources like food/shelter, disease, accum of waste, define carrying capacity of the environ, favor K- species, limits pop size |
| life history | all events of an organism's life from conception through death |
| opportunistic life history | short lived, reproduce at an early age have many offspring that receive little care (r species), weeds, insects |
| r= | reproductive rate |
| K= | carrying capacity of environment |
| Equilibrium life histories | long-lived, mature late, extra parental care, offspring survival rate is high |
| Ecology of communities | study of how communities of organisms interact w/ each other within their environment |
| mutualism | both species benefit, protection/transport/increased resourses, increase carrying capacity of both species |
| predation | one species wins one loses |
| competiton | both species suffer, stabilizing, results in species that share a common ancestor to exist in slightly different niches, a trait that reduces competion is advantageous |
| predator-prey | one benefits and the other suffers, antagonistic relationship, most common interaction of two species, stabilize a population (they have negative feedback on pop growth) |
| interspecific | competition of members of the same species, density dependent, negative to the species pop growth |
| intraspecific | competion between species, two possible outcomes, one species will usally outcompete and kill off the other |
| Competition is rarely... | symmetrical- one species will usually still be a winner or a loser |
| Organisms evolve in response to... | competition |
| food webs | one of most common ways to represent interactions between organisms in an ecosystem- focus on trophic interactions, but also can be used for competitive and mutualistic relationships, show predator-prey interactions |
| arrows show... | direction of the energy flow |
| primary source of energy is the... | sun |
| do chains with more than 6 links in a food web exist | nope |
| detritivores play an important role in... | nutrient cycling |
| Disturbance | any process that results in drastic change in environment - they may be localized or large and severe |
| resistance | a community's ability to remain stable in response to disturbance |
| resilience | a community's ability to return to a stable but possibly different state in response to disturbance |
| Succession | describes the sequence of colonizers following disturbance |
| primary succession | the first time an environment is colonized |
| secondary succession | colonization after disturbance |
| importance of biodiversity | makes environment more stable, more links=more resistant |
| communties most resistant to change are... | those w/ many interactions between a large # of species, also are the most unlikley to collapse from exploitation |
| Invasive species | species not native to the ecosystem it is in- they become established if they can outcompete the native species, can be dangerous and have rapid population growth and detrimental effects to native species. Com spread by humans- ex rats and cats |
| Traits of invasive species (important!!) | fast growth and rapid reproduction, generalist consumers, wide niches, adaptable, disperse widely and rapidly |
| do ecosystems and food webs suffer from climate change | yes |
| Evolution cannot be... | forward looking |
| human impacts on ecology | agriculture/domestication, chemical and medicinal use, cultural beliefs, management of wild species |
| generalist consumer | can eat anything, have more competition- raccoons |
| specialist consumer | eat 1-a couple foods- panda |
| environment | living and non living things- practically everything from water, air, soil. plants, bacteria, humans |
| environmental science is... | transdisciplinary |
| scale of our environement smallest to largest | towns/cities, country, continent, world |
| Scale of ecological environment | individual, population, community, ecosystem, biomes, biosphere |
| defining an ecosystem | a community of organisms and the habitat that they live in- organisms may live in the same geographic location, but experience entirely different ecosystems |
| biomes | large scale ecological compound of ecosystems that extend over a large area, defined by some general characteristic usually a large type of vegetation or salinity |
| Biome characteristics | classify biomes by their physical characteristics and not location |
| non-renewable resources | finite. stocks depleted as used. |
| exhaustible renewable resources | sustainable resources when managed well |
| inexhaustible renewable resources | unlimited supply |
| types of ecosystem service | support, provisioning, regulating, cultural |
| supporting services | important for ecosystem productivity, such as nutrient cycling and primary production |
| provisioning services | important in providing humans with resources, such as pollination for crops, or timber from trees |
| regulating services | benefits that humans gain from healthy ecosystems such as disease prevention and waste decomposiston |
| cultural services | natural services that humans hold important for cultural, spiritual, and recreational use- clean oceans for surfing or inspiration for books (hardest to convince people they are valuable) |
| ecosystem footprints are measures as | the area of biologically productive land needed to replenish the resources used by an individual or population. |
| biocapacity | an estimation of an ecosystem's production rate of natural resources (its ability to perform an ecological service) |
| agriculture improves... | predictability and proximity of important resources |
| pre-industrial stage | birth and death rates are high, more offspring are produced to account for high infant mortality, stable population at its carrying capacity |
| transitional stage | death rates decline but birth rates stay high, highest rate of population growth |
| industrial stage | equal rights for women and access to birth control lead to lower population birth rates, death rates stabilize, population growth slows as the birth and death rates get closer together |
| post industrial stage | birth and death rates are low, population stabilizes or starts to decline, has the benefits of industrialization without the threat of runaway population growth- but populations in this stage often grow due to immigration |
| population growth is highest in the ____ developed countries | least |
| Demographic fatigue | Some pop are stuck in the pre industrial stage but many populations are stuck in the transitional phase. It is hard to provide ed and healthcare for a growing pop. |
| what did countries use to achieve and maintain industrialization | natural resources |
| deforestation for monoculture farms | primary forest is cleared for artificial monoculture forests. Less structurally diverse, lower in biodiversity, susceptible to outbreaks of diseases and pests. ex palm oil plantations |
| paper parks | legally protected parks that are not effectively managed to protect against threats. |
| parks and protected areas are managed for their ecologies | protected for conservation and human recreation as opposed to resource management. Current national parks are protected from resource extraction. |
| wilderness act | prohibits some sites from development and only allows low impact recreational activities like hiking |
| marine reserves | areas that prohibit fishing- believed to help restock fisheries |
| marine protected areas | restrict some activities like drilling but allow for fishing |
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ilovepygmygoats
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