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Unit 1: Lecture 2
Introduction to Science, Ethics, and Sustainability
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| science | comes from the Latin work "scientia" meaning “knowledge”. It is an inquiry-based exploration of the natural world, based on observed knowledge. |
| deductive reasoning | relies on knowledge of general principles to develop testable hypotheses to explain a specific event |
| inductive reasoning | extrapolates a general principle from a specific set of observations due to context or relationship |
| natural sciences | are scientific fields that study the physical world and the phenomena and processes of the universe and nature |
| Empiricism | We can learn about the world by careful observation of empirical phenomena |
| Uniformitarianism | Basic patterns and processes are uniform across time and space |
| Parsimony | When two plausible explanations are equally reasonable, the simpler (more parsimonious) one is preferable; this rule is also known as Ockham’s razor |
| Uncertainty | Knowledge changes as new evidence appears, and explanations change with new evidence |
| Repeatability | Tests and experiments should be repeatable |
| Proof is elusive | We rarely expect science to provide absolute proof that a theory is correct, because new evidence may always undermine our current understanding |
| Testable questions | To find out whether a theory is correct, it must be tested |