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MS III-Cardiac D/O
Chapter 35 Workbook
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Afterload | The amount of pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject the blood volume. |
| Arteriosclerosis | Abnormal thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls. |
| Atherosclerosis | Abnormal thickening and hardening of the arterial walls, due to fat and fibrin deposits. |
| Bradycardia | Slow hear rate. Usually under 60 bpm |
| Contracility | The ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten and contract |
| Diastole | Ventricles are at rest and are filling up with blood |
| Dysrhythmia | Disturbance in rhythm |
| Hemodynamics | Study of the movement of blood and the forces that affect it. |
| Murmur | A sound heard on ascultation of the heart that usually indicates turbulent blood flow across heart valves. Valves of the heart are not closing properly. |
| Myocardial infarction | Death of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged lack of blood and oxygen supply |
| Palpitation | A heartbeat that is strong enough for the person to feel it |
| Perfusion | Passage of blood through the vessels of an organ |
| Preload | The amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole. The pressure generated at the end of diastole |
| Regurgitation | Backward flow |
| Syncope | Fainting |
| Tachycardia | Rapid heart rate, usually more than 100 bpm |
| Thromboembolism | When clots form in the injured heart chambers, they may break loose and travel to the lung |
| Four chambers of the heart | Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle |
| Four valves of the heart | Mitral, tricuspis, aortic and pulmonic |
| Three layers of the heart | Endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium |
| Cardiac cycle | Contraction and relaxation of the heart make up one heartbeat |
| Atrial Kick | At the end of diastole, the atria contracts to inject more blood into the ventricles |
| Stroke volume | Amount of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction |
| Cardiac output | The amount of blood (in liters) ejected by the heart each minute |
| Electrocradiogram (ECG) | Studies the electrical activity (conduction system) through the heart muscle |
| Ambulatory ECG (Holter Monitor) | An ambulatory ECG that provides continious monitoring |
| Implantable Loop Monitor/Recorder (ILR) | Provides ECG monitoring for longer periods of time and saves on a memory loop for analysis |
| Echocardiogram | Uses ultrasound to create images of the heart |
| Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE) | Images of the heart obtained with a probe in the esophagus |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | High resolution, three-dimensional image of the heart. Cardiac tissue is imaged without lung or bone interference |
| Multiple-gated acquisition Scan (MUGA) | Injection of technetium 99m that concentrates in necrotic myocardial tissue to measure ventricular failure |
| Stress Test (Excercise Tolerance Test) | An exercise tolerance test that is a recording of an individuals cardiovascular response during a measured activity. |
| Ultrafast Computed Tomography (CT or EBCT) | Fast form of imaging technology that allows for high-quality images of the heart as it contracts and relaxes |
| Cardiac Catherization (cardiac angiography, coronary arterography) | A procedure in which a catheter is advanced into the heart chambers or coronary arteries under fluoroscopy |
| Electrophysiology Study (EPS) | Use of catheters with multiple electrodes inserted through the femoral vein to record the heart's electrical activity |
| Heart Failure | When the injured left ventricle is unable to meet the body's circulatory demands |
| Pulse Oximetry | Noninvasive measurement of oxygen saturation |
| Troponin | Protein involved in the contraction of muscles. Elevated with MI (Rise in 3-6 hrs, peak 24, and circulate for 24 hrs) |
| Myoglobin | Protein found in the cardiac and skeletal muscle that is released into ciruclation very quickly after MI. (Rise 1-4 hrs) |
| WBC Count | Indicates the body's ability to defend itself against infection and inflammation |
| RBC Count | Assesses the ability of the blood to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissue and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs |
| Hematocrit | Percentage of packed RBCs in the total sample of whole blood |
| Hemoglobin | Main component of the RBCs. Transports oxygen to the cells. |
| Platelets | Smallest of the formed elements in the blood. Neccessary for coagulation |
| BNP | Cardiac hormone released when there us ventricular dilation and stretch (i.e heart failure). Normal range is les than 100 |
| CRP | Acute phase protein and marker for systemic inflammation. Elevated with acute coronary syndromes. |
| Loading dose | Digitalizing dose |
| Cardiac glycosides | Drugs used to slow the HR and increase the force of myocardial contraction, causing increased SV and CO |
| Antianginals | Drugs used to treat angina. Nitrates, Beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Relieves pain. |
| Antidysrhythmics | Drugs used to treat abnormal cardiac rhythms |
| ACE Inhibitors | Dilates arteries and decreases the resistance to blood flow in the ateries, reducing afterload. |
| Systole | Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle |
| Conductivity | The ability of the cell to transmit electrical impulses rapidly and effieciently to the distant regions of the heart. |
| SA Node | Place where electrical impulse is initiated in the heart |
| Compensation | Adaptions made by the heart and circulation to maintain normal cardiac output |
| Cardioversion | The delivery of synchronized electric shock to the myocardium to restore normal sinus rhythm |
| Hypertrophy | Enlargement of existing cells, resulting in increased size of an organ or tissue |
| Purkinge Fibers | Terminal ends of bundle branches that cause the ventricles to contact |
| Septum | A wall that divides a body cavity |
| Automaticity | The ability of a cell to generate an impulse without external stimulation |
| Aterial blood gases | Determines the ability of the body to maintain acid-base balance |
| Diuretics | Decreases fluid retention |
| Antiplatelets | Preventes strokes |
| Thrombolytics | Dissolves clots |
| Cardiogenic Shock | The most frequent cause of death after an AMI. Marked by hypotension and decreasing alertness |
| Ventricular aneurysm/rupture | A fatal complication in which weakened areas of the ventricular wall bulge and burst |
| Mitral Stenosis | The narrowing of the opening in the valves that impedes blood flow from the LA into the LV |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease | Leading cause of Mitral Stenosis |
| In patients with mitral stenosis, the chamber of the heart that dilates to accomodate the amount of blood not ejected is: | Left Atrium |
| Commissurotomy | Excision of parts of the leaflets of the mitral valve to enlarge the opening |
| The T Wave is inverted on ECG | Ischemia |
| There is a T segment elevation on the ECG | Injury |
| There is a significant Q wave that is greater than 1/3 the heart of the R wave on ECG | Infarction |
| Cardiomyopathy | Disease of the heart muscle |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of the Pericardium |
| Cardiac Tamponade | The presence of blood in the pericardial sac that causes decreased CO |
| First heart transplant was performed (when, who, where) | In 1967, in south africa by Dr. Christian Barnard |
| Sudden cardiac death | Heart activity and respirations cease abruptly |
| Stenosis | Narrowing of the valvular opening |
| Normal cardac output | 4-8 L |
| Signs of right sided heart failure | Dependent edema, increased central venous pressure, jugular vein distention, abdominal engorgement, decreased urinary output |
| Signs of left sided heart failure | Decreasing B/P readings, anxious, pale, tachycardiac, crackles/wheezes, dyspnea, cough, pulmonary edema |
| The pressure is the highest in the ____ chamber | Left ventricle |
| Afterload is decreased by: | Vasodilation |
| The first branches of the systemic circulation are the: | Coronary arteries |
| The ventricles contract when the electrical impulse reaches the : | Purkinje fibers |
| In asking cardiac patients about their diets, the nurse should especially record information about which two areas of intake: | Salt and fat |
| The function of the cardiovascular system: | Carries oxygenated blood and nutrients to the cells and transports carbon dioxide and wastes from the cells |
| The RA receives blood from: | Inferior and superior venae cavae and from the coronary sinuses |
| The RV receies blood from _____ through the ____ valve | RA, tricuspid |
| The receives blood from the lungs from the _________ | Pulmonary veins |
| The chamber with the thickest/strongest muscle | LV |
| The most common site for organisms to accumulate in patients with infective endocarditis is the: | Mitral Valve |
| The hallmark symptoms of pericarditis is: | Chest pain |
| An important diagnostic test for patients with endocarditis is the: | WBC Count |
| The first medication given to patients with chest pain is: | Nitro |
Created by:
Tarian1023
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