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urinary

anatomy

extracellular fluid consists of blood plasma, interstitial fluid, transcellular fluid (CSF, joint fluids, eye humors), lymph; provides constant environment for cells and transporting substances
intracellular fluid water inside the cells; facilitates intracellular chemical reactions
aldosterone helps restore normal ECF; decreased blood pressure or increased K+ levels
angiotensin I & II increase aldosterone secretion
factors that determine urine volume glomerular filtration rate & rate of water reabsorption by kidney tubules
urine volume regulated by secretion of ADH or ANH (ADH reduces water loss; ANH prevents loss of Na+ via urine)
urinary system main organ is the kidneys; excretes nitrogen compounds, toxins, water, electrolytes
hilum concave notch on the medial surface of the kidneys; site of entry and exit of blood vessels and other structures
renal cortex outer region
renal medulla inner region
renal pyramids triangular wedges that make up much of the medullary tissue
renal columns areas where cortical tissue dips between pyramids
calyx cuplike structures; site of urine collection that is ready to leave the body
renal artery large branch of the abdominal aorta brings blood into each kidney; divides into segmental then lobar arteries
afferent arterioles carry blood directly to nephrons
ureters convey urine from kidneys to bladder; lined with urothelium
urinary bladder urine reservoir; expels urine from the body through the urethra
detrusor muscle bundles of smooth muscle that makes up the wall of the bladder
micturition urination; voiding; increased pressure against bladder wall stimulates involuntary micturition contractions; causes internal urethral sphincter muscles to relax
external urethral sphincter voluntary contractions
nephrons makes up the bulk of each kidney; renal corpuscle and renal tubule
renal corpuscle glomerular capsule and glomerulus; fluid filters out of the glomerulus and into the gl. capsule
glomerular capsule Bowman capsule; filtrate enters this space to be processed in the nephron
glomerulus network of capillaries
renal tubule extends from renal corpuscle to the end of the nephron where it joins a collecting dust; divided into the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule second part of nephron but first part of renal tubule; wall consists of epithelial cells that have a brush border with microvilli, increasing its surface area
nephron loop Henle loop; descending and ascending limb; its length is important in production of highly concentrated or dilute urine
distal convoluted tubule conducts filtrate out of a nephron and into a collecting duct
juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin when blood pressure in afferent arteriole drops; contribute to homeostasis by controlling the ability to produce concentrated urine from the kidneys
collecting duct formed by joining of renal tubules of several nephrons; release urine into a minor calyx
kidney process blood plasma and excretes urine; sodium, chloride, nitrogen (urea), potassium; forms urine by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
urine ~95% water; pH 4.6-8.0
filtration first step; occurs in renal corpuscles
reabsorption occurs as a result of passive and active transport mechanisms from the renal tubules; major portion occurs in PCTs
regulation of urine volume ADH influences water reabsorption, reduces water loss; aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and promotes water reabsorption; ANH promotes loss of Na+, produces more urine
Created by: yawnuhh
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