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262 Exam 2
Ch 6, 8, 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| purpose of a literature review | assist in developing the research question, construct a conceptual framework, suggest appropriate research methods |
| steps of a literature review | developing a search strategy, searching bibliographic database (by computer), screening, documenting and abstracting |
| keywords | word or phrase that captures the concepts in your review question |
| quantitative keyword | independent and dependent variables; and population |
| qualitative keyword | keywords are central phenomenon of interest and population |
| subject search | search for topics of keywords in the database |
| textword | search for specific words; can be keywords; in textfields of the database record in abstract or title |
| author search | search for prominent researchers |
| wildcard characters | extend a search to multiple words with the same root |
| truncation symbol | asterix, expands search item |
| boolean operator | used to combine, restrict or broaden searches |
| and | retrieve references in which two or more terms are present |
| or | retrieves references in which two or more terms are present |
| not | narrows search |
| quotation marks | yields citations which the exact phrase appears |
| ancestry approach | footnote chasing, use the bibliography of a recent relevant reference to find earlier related studies (ancestors) |
| descendancy approach | use a pivotal early study in citation indexes to find later studies (descendants) that cite the pivotal study |
| control over cofounding variables | uses randomization, crossover, homogeneity, matching, statistical control |
| masking and blinding | from whom will critical information be withheld to avert bias |
| time frames | how often will data be collected, when will data be collected |
| cross sectional | data collected at a single point in time |
| longitudinal design | data collected two or more times over an extended period, follow up studies; better at showing patterns of change and clarifying whether cause occurred before effect |
| control cofounding | achieving consistency, control over environment, setting, time, intervention via formal protocol |
| experimental design | post test, pre test - post test, crossover |
| posttest | after only, outcome data collected after intervention |
| pretest - postest | before - after design, outcome data collected both at baseline and after intervention |
| crossover | subjects exposed to 2+ conditions in random order; subjects serve as their own control |
| quasi experiments | involve an intervention but lack randomization or control group; non randomized and within subject design |
| nonequivalent control group | those getting the intervention compared with nonrandomized comparison group |
| within subjects design | one group is studied before and after the intervention, same people are compared at different times or under different conditions |
| advantages quasi experiment | may be easier and more practice than true experiments |
| disadvantages quasi experiment | more difficult to infer causality |
| descriptive research | to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation |
| descriptive | ascertaining the prevalence of a health problem |
| descriptive correlational | describe whether variables are related; without cause effect connection |
| non experimental advantages | efficiently collect large amount of data when intervention and randomization is not possible |
| non experimental disadvantages | does not yield persuasive evidence for causal inferences |
| population | entire group of interest based on eligibility criteria |
| nonprobability | does not involve selection of elements at random; rarely representative of the population |
| probability | involves random selection of elements; each element has an equal, independent chance of being selected, allows for estimation of sampling error |
| power analysis | estimates sample size needed |
| self report | data collected with a formal instrument; questionnaire |
| scale | a device that assigns a numeric score to people along a continuum |
| likert scales | consist of declarative statements that express viewpoints; agree/ disagree |
| visual analog scale | measure subjective experiences |
| observation | observed pre specified behaviors |
| time sampling | sampling of time intervals for observation |
| event sampling | integral events; know when events will occur |
| biophysiologic measures | strong on accuracy, objectivity, validity and precision, cost effective |
| in vivo measurements | performed directly within or on living organisms (blood pressure) |
| in vitro measurements | performed outside the organism body (urinalysis) |
| analyzing evidence | integrating and synthesizing information across studies for a research literature review have much in common with a qualitative analysis |
| primary sources | best so you are getting the most information possible |
| true experiment | requires researcher to manipulate something and only treat some |
| convenience sampling | selecting the most conveniently available people as participants; you are picking, might not fit what the study is looking for, most vulnerable to bias |
| quota sampling | identifying population strata and figuring out how many people are needed from each stratum |
| consecutive sampling | recruiting all people from an accessible population over a specific time interval |
| purposive sampling | handpicking sample members |
| questionnaire | low cost and offers anonymity |
| interviews | high response rates, opportunities to clarify questions, diverse audiences |
| strata | subpopulations of a population |
| accessible population | the portion that is accessible to the researcher |
| representative sample | key characteristics closely approximate those of the population |
| simple random sampling | researchers establish a sampling frame (list of population elements) |
| stratified random sampling | population is divided into two or more strata, from which elements are randomly selected, enhances representativeness |
| systematic sampling | involves the selection of every TH |
| structured self report | major type of data collection method where data is collected with a formal instrument |
| advantage of descriptive research | efficient way to collect large amounts of data when intervention and randomization is not possible |
| disadvantage of descriptive research | does not yield persuasive evidence for causal inference |
| control | key feature of research design that looks at how cofounding variables will be controlled |
| between subjects design | different people are compared |
| advantages of experiments | most powerful for detecting cause and effect relationships |
| disadvantages of experiments | not feasible or ethical, Hawthorne effect |
| hierarchy top evidence | meta analysis of RCTs |
| peripheral use of sources that may broaden understanding of a problem | clinical anecdotes, opinion articles, case reports |
| ancestry | going back in time to find a study to help further research |
| primary sources | randomized control trial, nonrandomized control trial, systematic review |
| experimental | randomized control trial |
| quasi experimental | controlled trial without randomization |
| non experimental | observational study |
| statistical control | analysis of covariance |
| correlation | association between variables and can be detected through statistical analysis |
| prospective design | potential cause in the present is linked to a hypothesized later outcome |
| retrospective design | outcome in the present is linked to hypothesized cause |
| correlational studies | undertaken to discover causes |
| intervention fidelity | control over intervention via formal protocol; the treatment as planned was delivered and received |
| sampling error | difference between population values and sample values |
Created by:
ahommel
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