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Hann AS
Biology AS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endangered species are those that have such small numbers that they are at risk of extinction | Define Endangered species |
| In places removed from natural habitat. Cons: Removing animals from their environment; high death rates in captivity; failure of captive animals to breed; difficulties in reintroducing captive-bred animals (lost fear of humans, immunity, not well adapted) | Conservative ex situ |
| some species would be extinct if left in the wild; some captive breeding programmes are successful | Pros of ex situ |
| Artificial insemination; cloning; In-fertilisation; frozen embryos | Techniques used to help endangered species |
| Collect genetic material from endangered species and store it in a frozen state. If they become extinct, there is a possibility of reintroduction assuming there are suitable habitats | Use of frozen embryos for endangered species |
| Linked to conservation projects to create sufficient habitat for reintroduction. British field cricket, has been saved | Captive breeding |
| Ex situ conservation. To collect and store seed from 10% of the worlds plants. Seeds kept in cold store and checked periodically. Can be used as genetic resource for scientists looking for useful genes. May be used for reclamation/provide medicines | Millenium seed bank |
| Occurs in natural environments and is considered more effective, cheaper than ex situ. | Conservation in situ |
| 1)natural parks in South Africa and East asia protect largest land animals. 2)National nature reserves in UK protect species such as Fritillaria meleagris 3)marine reserves protect vulnerable marine animals. | Examples of in situ |
| International treaty that restricts trade of endangered species and their products. Appendix 1) deals with species facing extinction. Huge trade in animals, plants and products and much smuggling. Law enforcement is difficult | Convention of internation trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (CITES) |
| Rio de janeiro at Earth-summit. Covers conservation of biodiversity, requiring countries to develop and implement policies for sustainable use and protect biodiversity | Convention of biological diversity |
| Promotes the use of environmental impact assessments. Ecologists sample an area subject to development and report on the likely impact on species and habitat. Developers/planners must take these effects into account and seek to minimise effects | Agenda 21 |
| Loss of habitat; danger from poaching; hunting; numbers are too small to risk in the wild. | When is ex situ necessary |
| Ecosystem provides us with valuable goods. We can harvest organisms. | Economic reasons for conservation |
| many species are endangered as a result of human action, humans have a responsibility to maintain species, habitats, ecosystems for the future | Ethical |
| Keystone species play significant role in regulation of ecosystems. | Ecological |
| People enjoy wildlife, places should be conserved for future generations. We enjoy seeing animals in natural habitat | Aesthetic |
| Plants have complex metabolisms that produce wide varieties of chemicals for medicines. may be potential drugs in plants that have yet to be discovered- as well as animals | Biodiversity for medicine |
| Since agriculture developed, our diet is more restricted.If disease destroyed rice- there would be starvation. May be plants that we could farm that would reduce our reliance on a small number of species | Biodiversity in agriculture |
| Some crop may hold allels of genes that could be used to vary genomes of crops that are genetically uniform and susceptible to disease. There is a need to maintain species that have genetic potential | Disease in crops- biodiversity |
| insect vectors are likely to spread if earth heats up, Anopheles mosquitoes. Diseases of animals and plants spread easier. A fungal pathogen 'black stem rust' has spread throughout east africa and threatens india, wheat growing areas. Monoculture bad. | Climate change and the effect of monoculture is likekly to cause diseases to spread further |
| Organisms tend to produce a large number of offspring; populations of organisms remain stable over time; variation exists among ofspring; offspring tend to inherit features from parents | Natural selection Darwins observations |
| Animals compete for food/water/territory. Herbivores are limited to their habitats resources; predators keep populations of herbivores stable; disease from microorganisms. | Population levels |
| There is a struggle for existence between members of the same species. They all have the same features, many die young because of starvation or disease and thus don't reproduce and pass on alleles. Also storms. | Competition for rare resources |
| There is variation for sexual reproduction. Genetic information is shuffled during meiosis, mutations occur. Individuals inherit alleles from parents. The organism that is most successful at gaining resources survive and reproduce. | Variation |
| Successful organisms escape predation; find food; survive disease; defend; and mate. Will be better adapted to environment and others die before reproducing. Factors include: Availability of water and food; predation; disease; competition; temperature | Variation 2 |
| Organisms better adapted will reproduce and leave offspring with alleles that are passed on and are more common. Giving the ability to compete successfully and survive. Less successful organisms' allels become rare | Inherited features |
| populations of the same species may become isolated (geographically). Selective pressures are likely to be different, so populations will develop with different adaptions. Two species are no longer able to reproduce fertile offspring | Speciation |
| Any individual that has a mutation allowing it to overcome effect of antibiotic has selective advantage. It will survive, over time the number of resistant types of bacteria increase and antibiotics become ineffective | Changing the environment for bacteria |
| First used in WW2 to control mosquitoes. Pesticides are a selective agent. The individuals with alleles that confers to resistance of pesticide will survive and breed | The insecticide DDT. Pharmaceuticals must continually produce new products |
| Many structural similarities; stages of evolution in present day organism; Progression over millions of years from bacteria to complex organisms | Evidence for evolution |
| Biological molecules the same in all organisms. DNA, RNA, phospholipids etc. Suggests a common ancestry. Primary structure of proteins determined by DNA. Gene sequences of closely related species are very similar. | Molecular evidence for evolution |
| Difference that exists among organisms. Anatomy, cell structure, physiology. | Variation |
| The differences that are used to assign them to different species | Variation between species |
| The differences between different breeds | Variation within species |
| Discontinuous - variation where the feature is one or the other, there are no intermediates. Continuous variation - where there is a range of types between two extremes. | Types of variation |
| Structural: Contains enzyme nitrogenase, Behavioural:Moves through soil towards legumes, Physiological: Exchanges amino acids for carbon and energy sources from host. | Rhizobium (Adaptions to environment) |
| Structural:Large ears Behavioural:Emerges at night, stays in burrow during day, Physiological:Ears have large surface area to lose heat, also for hunting | Fennec fox (Adaptions to environment) |
| Structural: Some leaves form traps, Behavioural:Insects trigger sensitive hairs that stimulate trap to close, Physiological: Leaves secrete extracellular enzymes that digest insects. | Venus fly trap (Adaptions to environment) |
| Adaptions on different levels: Physiology, behaviour, biochemistry, structure. These contribute to survival , reproduce and pass on alleles. Adaptions evolve from natural selection and are exposed to selection pressures | Define adaption |
| Cells lack nuclei organised within a nuclear envelope, DNA is cicular | Prokaryotae - bacteria |
| One celled, or similar asseblage of cells | Protoctista - amoeba |
| Cell walls of chitin rather than cellulose; multinucleate hyphae heterotrophs with absorptive methods of feeding | Fungi - Mushrooms |
| Multicellular heterotrophs with nervous coordination | Animalia - birds |
| Multicellular photosynthetic organism, walls of cellulose, non-motile. | plantae - mosses, ferns |
| are not in the five kingdom classification. They don't have a cellular structure and don't carry out life processes on their own. Arkaryotae | Viruses |
| External appearance (morphology), internal structure (anatomy), development (embryology). Taxonomists search for homologous features. | Methods of classification |
| Protein primary structure: sequence of primary structure in proteins show how closely related organisms are. Proteins may have the same function | New methods of classification (primary structure) |
| Scanning electron microscope allows detailed look at morphology. Those that were previous indistinct for light microscopes. | New methods of classification (SEM) |
| Comparison of DNA reveals how closely related we are. Nucleotide sequence data collated. | New methods of classification (DNA sequencing) |
| Two groups of bacteria and all eukaryotes had seperate origin. These are domains. Study of bacteria led biologists to realise that extremophiles share many features with eukaryotes. Other evidence: Membrane structure/flagella structure | Three domains |
| Archea/ Bacteria/ Eukaryota | Three domain names |
| Generic and species name. International rules of nonmenclature. | Binomial system of naming |
| Identify an organism. Ask a series of questions, there are two answers. You are directed to another question or an indentification | Dichotomous keys |
| Is the grouping of organisms into categories based on various features. The study of taxonomy. Each classificatory group (genus, species) is called a taxon. | Classification |
| Biodiversity is the measure of: Different ecosystems, number of species, number of individuals in each species, genetic variation within each species | Biodiversity |
| Where an organism lives: The name of the place, description of dominant vegetation, or the type of environment it lives in. | Habitat |
Created by:
hannlow2002
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