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Exam 3-AP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What innervates the back side of the leg, thigh and foot | Tibial nerve innervates posterior muscles thigh and leg, skin posterior leg, plantar foot |
| The neuron with its primary function being connecting other neurons is… | The interneuron- which shuttle signals through CNS |
| What is the nerve that exits the skull through foramen ovale | The mandibular (v3 mixed) passes through the foramen ovale |
| What cells line the ventricle of the brain | Ependymal cells |
| What happens to the muscles during tendon reflex? | The contracting muscle relaxes and the antagonist muscle contracts |
| Indirect action neurotransmitters: | acts through intracellular second messengers, usually G protein pathways- which are chains of interacting proteins This neutrnter have broader and longer lasting effects similar to hormones Ex are biogenic amines, neuropeptides and dissolved gasses |
| What are 2 massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement | Pyramidal and corticospinal |
| What mechanism causes inhibitory | AN inhibitory postsynaptic potential is the hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane |
| Repolarization | Na+ channels are inactivating and K+ channels open Na channel inactivation gates close Membrane permeability to Na+ declines to resting state AP slime stops resing Voltage gated K+ channels open |
| What is the crossed extensor reflex? | It occurs with flexor reflexes in weight bearing limbs to maintain balance It consists of ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and contralateral side extended |
| What is parallel neural processing | Input travels along several pathways Different parts of circuitry deal simultaneously with the information |
| Pain in the upper right | Trigeminal nerve |
| What nerve causes your eye to contract when a pen light is shined in it? | III: Oculomotor nerves function in raising eyelids, directing eyeballs, constricting iris. |
| What is the hard protective meninx of the brain? | Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, where is the dura mater , know what the dura mater is made of- Connective tissue |
| Electrodes stipulation. Mid point | The Lab |
| What is the meninx that is closest to the brain? | Pia Mater- delicate connective tissue that clings tights to brain |
| They have a loss of motor function, but they still have sensory function on the right arm and damage has been caused to the dorsal or ventral root. And had damage been caused to the thoracic or cervical root? | Ach on, damage has been done to the ventral root, cervical has been damaged (cervical plexus nerves innervate arm) |
| Where would sensory perception neurons terminate? | Parietal lobe of cerebral cortex (primary somatosensory cortex) |
| What are the nerve fibers of the PNS system that are the most responsible for regeneration? | Schwann cells are stimulated to divide. They are vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers |
| What division is responsible for nerve impulses leading to skeletal muscle movement? | somatic |
| What neurotransmitters act like morphine and heroin? | Endorphins are natural opiates |
| Brachial Plexus | Musculocutaneous, axillary, median, radial, ulnar |
| Graded potential | signals- short distances short lived stronger stimulus= move voltage changes Triggered by stimulus that opens gated ion channels Receptor potential: graded potentials in receptors of sensory neurons Postsynaptic potential: neuron graded potential |
| What are thermoreceptors | They respond to changes in temperature |
| What is the cranial pair that helps you smile? | Facial nerves |
| What is the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebrae? | The cauda equina is the collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal |
| Some nerves are mixed cranial nerves, which ones are not? | Olfactory I- just sensory Optic II - sensory Abducens Accessory Hypoglossal |
| Brain structures | Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina Brain stem: midbrain Brain stem: pons Cerebellum Brain stem: medulla oblongata Spinal cord |
| What Ion channel opens in response to change in membrane potential, and participates in generation of conduction for action potentials | voltage gated channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential |
| What is the nerve responsible for adducting thighs | Obturator nerve (sciatic??) lol. |
| What innervates the radial nerve. The radial nerve constraints fibers from which spinal nerves? | The radial nerve innervates all extensor muscles, supinators, brachioradialis, and the posterior skin of the limb (C5-T1???) Brachial plexus |
| What CNS structure is responsible for alertness and consciousness? | The reticular activating system |
| What nerve can cause wrist drop if there is damage to it? | Radial nerve |
| What receptor is for deep pressure and vibration? | Lamellar (PACINIAN) corpuscles |
| What happens in depolarization? | Decrease in membrane potential Depolarization: Na+ channels open |
| What is the stage of sleep where movements of eyes rapidly occur? | REM sleep |
| Where is the premotor cortex located? | Frontal lobe |
| Where is the primary motor cortex located? | Frontal Lobe- precentral gyrus |
| Trigeminal, abducens, facial | PONS |
| Know where the action potentials are being created | In the body of a neuron and is propagated through its axon |
| Know how rabies reaches the brain from skin would | Retrograde |
| Know effect of ach on the postsynaptic cells | Depolarize it Quizlet: Acetylcholine has which effect on the postsynaptic neuron? Ligand-gated sodium ion channels open and sodium diffuses in |
| Know what part of the brain is responsible for memory | Cerebral cortex - hippocampus |
| Know what the biceps brachii, and the brachialis is innervated by | Musculocutaneous - innervates biceps brachii, brachialis, and skin of lateral forearm |
| Know positive feedback aspect of a action potential | At threshold (–55 to –50 mV), positive feedback causes opening of all Na+channels |
| 2 longitudinal fissures on the ventral side, they have somatic impulses of the medulla are called | Fissures: deep grooves Central and lateral sulcus |
| Build of CSF is called | Hydrocephalus |
| What does a dendrite do? | RECEPTIVE REGIONS??They come toward axon From google: receive synaptic inputs from axons, with the sum total of dendritic inputs determining whether the neuron will fire an action potential |
| The intrafusal muscle fibers, of muscle spindle contract, with the extrafusal fibers to blank | Muscle length If extrafusal contract, then intrafusales will relax I think it is the extrafusal fibers also contract, on a slide it talks about coactivation |
| Know what spinocerebellar tracts do | Terminate In the cerebellum Proprioception (muscles and tendons stretch) Two neurons, does not cross midline Dorsal and ventral |
| What do we see when someone has alzheimers, under the microscope | Key proteins appear to be misfolded and malfunction Brain shrinks |
| What nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome | Median nerve |
| Broca's area | Restricted to left hemisphere Motor speech area Speech planning / production Patients with lesions in Broca’s understand words but cannot speak Frontal lobe |
| Inferior colliculi | Auditory relay centers Included in midbrain nuclei |
| GABA | causing hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane AMINO ACID INHIBITORY-> causes hyperpolarization in the PSCM principal inhibitory CNS. Augmented by alcohol |
| HOW IS THE STIMULUS STRENGTH IS TRANSMITTED. | Action potential frequency |
| IF SOMEONE HAS A FALL OR IMPRIMER GLUTE INJECTION IT COULD RESULT IN.. | Sciatica, a common problem which is characterized by stabbing pain radiating over course of the sciatic nerve |
| IF THE POSTSYNAPTIC CELL IS STIMULATED TO THRESHOLD THIS IMPLIES THAT | A presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP |
| KNOW WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN IS THE VISCERAL CONTROL CENTER | The hypothalamus |
| WHAT NERVE SUPPLIES CUTANEOUS BRANCHES TO THE MEDIAL SIDE OF THE HAND | The ulnar nerve |
| What is another name for a nerve impulse transmitted by axons | Action potential |
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byoder2
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