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A&P Ch. 3 & 4
A&P - Cells and Cell Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The structural and functional units of all living matter | Cells |
| Encases the cell | Cell/cytoplasmic membrane |
| What is a cell membrane made of? | phospholipids and protein |
| cell membrane | contains cellular contents, regulates what enters/leaves the cell |
| cytoplasm | surrounds and supports organelles, medium through which nutrients and waste move |
| nucleus | contains genetic information, control center of the cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | transports material through the cytoplasm |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) | Contains the ribosomes where protein is synthesized |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) | Site of steroid synthesis |
| mitochondria | convert energy in nutrients to ATP (power plants of the cell) |
| Golgi apparatus | Packages protein in membrane, puts the finishing touches on protein |
| Ribosomes | Sites of protein synthesis |
| Lysosomes | "Housekeeping" within the cell, phagocytosis through powerful enzymes |
| Cytoskeleton | provides for intracellular shape and support |
| centrioles | help separate the chromosomes during mitosis |
| cilia | create movement over the cell surface |
| flagella | create movement of cell |
| 2 compartments the cell is divided into | Nucleus and cytoplasm |
| The control center of the cell, contains genetic information and controls all protein synthesis | nucleus |
| nuclear membrane | double-layered, surrounds the nucleus, contains large pores that allow the free movement of certain substances between nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Substance that fills the nucleus | Nucleoplasm |
| 2 structures inside the nucleus | The nucleolus and chromatin |
| Chromatin | threadlike structures that contain genes |
| What cells are made of | protoplasm |
| Passive transport mechanisms | Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration |
| Diffusion | movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
| Facilitated diffusion | Helper molecule w/in membrane assists the movement of substances from areas of high to low concentration. |
| Osmosis | Movement of water from an area w/ more water to less |
| Filtration | Movement of water and dissolved substances from area of high pressure to area of low pressure, water and substances are pushed |
| The point at which no further net diffusion occurs | Equilibrium |
| 3 terms that are used to illustrate tonicity | Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic |
| Solution that has the same concentration as intracellular fluid | Isotonic solution |
| Solution that has less concentration than the inside of a cell | Hypotonic solution |
| Solution that is more concentrated than inside a cell | Hypertonic solution |
| Solution that causes red blood cells to burst (hemolysis) | Hypotonic |
| Active transport mechanisms | Active transport pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis |
| Active transport pumps | movement of a substance uphill from an area of low concentration to area of high concentration, requires input of energy (ATP) |
| Endocytosis | Ingestion of substances by cell membrane |
| 2 types of endocytosis | phagocytosis, pinocytosis |
| phagocytosis | cellular eating |
| pinocytosis | cellular drinking |
| exocytosis | Secretion of cellular products out of the cell |
| mitosis | the splitting of one mother cell into two identical daughter cells |
| 2 major phases of the cell cycle | interphase, mitosis |
| Interphase is divided into 3 stages: | First gap phase (G1), phase (S), second gap phase (G2) |
| First gap phase (G1) | Cell carries on normal activities, begins to make DNA and other substances necessary for cell division |
| Phase (S) | Cell duplicates its chromosomes, making enough DNA for 2 cells |
| Second gap phase (G2) | Final prep phase for mitosis, includes synthesis of enzymes & other protein needed for mitosis. At the end of G2 enters mitotic (M) phase |
| Mitotic phase (M) | Contains 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Cell specialization | differentiate |
| stem cells | undifferentiated cells, only function is production of more undifferentiated cells |
| benign tumor | noncancerous |
| malignant tumor | cancerous |
| the spreading of cancer cells | metastasis |
| Cell changes in regards to aging | cells become larger, capacity to divide and reproduce decreases |
| atrophy | decrease in size of cells, leading to wasting away of tissues & organs |
| dysplasia | abnormal cell growth, can result in cancer |
| hyperplasia | overgrowth/increase in number of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of tissues & organs |
| metaplasia | transformation of one cell type into another |
| necrosis | death of cells/groups of cells |
| neoplasm | abnormal new growth, also called a tumor. |
| meiosis | occurs only in sex cells |
| series of chemical reactions necessary for the use of raw material | metabolism |
| reactions that build larger, more complex substances from simpler substances | anabolism |
| reactions that break down larger, more complex substances into simpler substances | catabolism |
| carbohydrates | organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, O2 |
| monosaccharides | sugars containing 3-6 carbons. glucose, fructose, galactose |
| most important simple sugar, used by cells as an immediate source of energy | glucose |
| 2 five-carbon monosaccharides | ribose, deoxyribose |
| sugar used in the synthesis of RNA | ribose |
| sugar used in synthesis of DNA | deoxyribose |
| disaccharides | sucrose, maltose, lactose |
| the storage polysaccharide in plants | starch |
| polysaccharides | plant starch, animal starch, cellulose |
| glycogen | animal starch, excess glucose stored in liver and skeletal muscle |
| cellulose | nondigestible by humans, forms dietary fiber |
| 3 ways glucose is used by the body | 1. Burned immediately as fuel for energy 2. stored as glycogen and burned as fuel later 3. stored as fat and burned as fuel later |
| 2 conditions which glucose is broken down | Anaerobic catabolism, aerobic catabolism |
| anaerobic process of breaking down glucose in cytoplasm | glycolysis |
| the making of glucose from non-glucose sources | gluconeogenesis |
| lipids | triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids |
| building blocks of lipids | fatty acids, glycerol |
| the most important steroid in the body | cholesterol |
| phospholipids | found in cell membranes |
| steroids | cholesterol, bile salt, vitamin D, hormones from adrenal cortex/ovaries/testes |
| cholesterol | used in synthesis of steroids |
| bile salts | assist in digestion of fats |
| vitamin D | synthesized in skin on exposure to UV radiation, contributes to calcium and phosphate homeostasis |
| hormones from adrenal cortex/ovaries/testes | adrenal cortex - necessary for life, affect every body system, ovaries and testes - secrete sex hormones |
| lipoid substances | fat-soluble vitamins, prostaglandins, lipoproteins |
| lipoproteins | help transport fatty acids, HDL, LDL |
| prostaglandins | found in cell membranes, affect smooth muscle contraction |
| 3 ways lipids are needed by body | 1. Source of energy, 2. Component of cell membranes & myelin sheath, 3. Steroid synthesis |
| the most abundant organic matter in the body | protein |
| building blocks of protein | amino acids |
| Amino acids are joined together by _______? | peptide bonds |
| formed when amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds | peptide |
| polypeptide | formed when many amino acids joined together |
| glycoprotein | combination of a sugar + protein |
| combination of a lipid + protein | lipoprotein |
| 3 ways proteins are used | synthesis of hormones/enzymes/antibodies/plasma/muscle proteins/hemoglobin/cell membranes, broken down for use as fuel, broken down and converted to glucose |
| where the pattern of amino acid assembly is coded and stored | DNA |
| 3 parts of a nucleotide | sugar, phosphate group, base |
| names of the bases in DNA | adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) |
| adenine can only pair with _____? | thymine |
| cytosine can only pair with _____? | guanine |
| the way in which 2 strands of DNA are linked together by the bases | base-pairing |
| the sequence of the bases along a single strand of DNA | base-sequencing |
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