Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP bio prep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the subunits that make up cellulose? | glucose (beta form) |
| What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle? | The follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase |
| What hormone(s) induc the flight or fight response? | Norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| What's another name for anitbodies? | Immunoglobins |
| What type of muscle in humans is attached to bones and causes movements of the body? | Skeletal |
| If species mate at different times of the year, what kind of reproductive isolation is occurring? | temporal |
| _________ are sites where genetic material is exchanged between nonsister homologopus chromatids, a process called _________. | Chiasmata, crossing over |
| Meiosis or Mitosis: consists of two groups of divisions | Meiosis |
| Meiosis or Mitosis: cells that eventually form will be haploid | Meiosis |
| What is the process of making ATP from ADP and P, using energy from light, and starting in photosystem 2? | Noncyclic Photophosphorylation |
| Why does CAM photosynthesis occur in plants in environments similar to cacti? | Photosynthesis can occur during the day while the stomata are closed, greatly reducing H20 loss. |
| What is taking place when one gene affects the phenotypic expression of a second gene? | Epistasis |
| What is taking place when a single gene has more than one phenotypic expression? | Pleiotropy |
| What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? | Genotype represents the actual alleles while phenotype is the actual expression of a gene. |
| What two molecules make up sucrose? | Glucose and fructose |
| What does the hydroxyl functional group look like? | -OH |
| What makes up triglyceride? | A glycerol and three fatty acids. |
| Hydrogen bonding relates to what type of structure of proteins? | Secondary |
| Protein attachments between adjacent animal cells are known as...? | anchoring junctions |
| If oxygen is not present, this type of respiration occurs? | Anerobic |
| Photosynthesis relates to the production of ___? | glucose |
| What domain contains the most primitive prokaryotes? | (archaebacteria) |
| Type of symbiosis between rhizobia and root nodules | mutualism |
| Person who predicted that conditions of early Earth favored spontaneous formation of polymers | oparin |
| treats contaminated soil or groundwater in the location where it was found. Usually microorganisms are pumped into the soil or ground water so the contaminated soil and water can be broken down | In-Situ bioremediation |
| The original precursors to life that were aggregates of polymers that had some response to the environment | protobionts |
| Blood Composition of plasma | 58% |
| What type of horome is ADH, where is it located,and what is its job in the human body? | peptide, kidney, promotes water retention posterior pituitary |
| Why does a belly flop hurt? | surface tension is the resistance to an object entering liquid due to the "skin" formed by the attraction of like molecules. |
| Somatic cells have how many copies of each chromosome | 2 |
| gametes have how many chromosomes | 23 |
| Why are Koch's postulates used | to isolate the cause of a disease |
| During DNA replication what is the job of helicase | unzip the DNA |
| Down Syndrome is the trisomy of which chromosome | 21st |
| Explain a redox reaction | any reaction where one molecule gains electrons and another loses them |
| what are two results of glycolysis | 2 pyruvic acid molecules |
| what is an example of a c3 plant | rice, wheat, soybeans |
| Is exocytosis passive or active transport | active |
| What Theory that explains evolution of chlroplasts and mitochondria | (endosymbiosis |
| Chemicals released by some bacteria that can cause problems like botulism ) | endotoxins) |
| What is type of hormone is Oxycontin, and what is the target tissue and its role peptide uterus promotes labor contractions posterior pituitary | peptide, uterus, promotes labor contractions posterior pituitary |
| What is the term for water sticking together to form drops and surface tension? | Cohesion |
| Why is sweating so effective in cooling the body? | The high heat of vaporization means that a great deal of energy is taken from the skin to evaporate the sweat. |
| What causes water to stick to the sides of the tubes in the xylem of plants? | Capillary action. |
| Why does ice float in water? | Water is denser in liquid form. |
| What is the name for this process: One monomer provides a hydroxyl group while the other provides a hydrogen atom to form a water molecule | Condensation/Dehydration reaction |
| What is the name for this process: bonds between monomers are broken by adding water | Hydrolysis |
| What is the most common composition of lipids? | One glycerol head and three fatty acids |
| How do Phospholipids differ from lipids? | 2 fatty acids instead of 3 |
| What is the function of membrane proteins? | •transport •enzymatic activity •signal transduction •intercellular joining •cell-cell recognition •ECM attachment |
| What is Diffusion? | The tendency of any molecule to spread out into available space |
| What is Active Transport? | The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient with the help of cellular energy |
| What is Endocytosis? | The import of macromolecules by forming new vesicles with the plasma membrane phagocytosis (eating) pinocytosis (drinking) |
| What are Evolution’s Core Principles? | Common descent with modification and natural selection. |
| What is Common descent with modification? | The idea that all animals have a common ancestor, and evolved into new species over time. |
| What are Darwin's first 3 observations? | Observation 1: Left unchecked, the number of organisms of each species will increase exponentially, generation to generation. Observation 2: In nature, populations tend to remain stable in size. Observation 3: Environmental resources are limited. |
| What are Darwin's 4th and 5th observations? (Sorry, did not fit in one card) | Observation 4: Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics with no two individuals being exactly alike. Observation 5: Much of this variation between individuals is heritable. |
| What is Divergent evolution? | It is the evolution of the same ancestral part, such as a flipper, into a new function, such as hands or wings. |
| What is the formula for cellular respiration? | C6H12O6 + 6CO2 = 6O2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP |
| What are Redox Reactions? | Any reaction in which one molecule gains electrons and another loses them |
| What is Substrate level phosphorylation? | The production of ATP molecules directly from the processes of glycolysis or the Krebs cycle. Oxygen is NOT used to create the ATP. |
| What happens during glycolysis? | 2 ATP, 2NADH (converted to FADH2) = 6 ATP (only 2 each for NADH made here) |
| What happens in the ETC? | FADH2 and NADH are passed down the ETC, giving energy to ADP to create ATP: 28-30 ATP are made this way. |
| What cell part does the antibiotic penicillin attack? | Cell Wall |
| What are the two parts of all viruses? | Capsid and genes |
| What is the term for the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia? | Nitrogen Fixation |
| What are some differences and similarities between cilia and flagella? | Cilia- multiple tiny hair like structures. Flagella- a whip-like structure. usually only one or two on any cell. Both cilia and flagella help cell to move. |
| 1. What is the exoskeleton made of? | chitin |
| 2. What germ layer becomes the muscles? | mesoderm |
| 3. Name some characteristics of arthropods: | Complete digested tract, segmented body plan, triploblastic, eucoelomate, etc |
| 4. What are the orders of insects? | odonata, lepidoptera, siphonoptera, diptera, coleopteran, hymenoptera |
| 1. How is electrophoresis used in Biotechnology experiments? | used to separate DNA fragments. Helps find “good” gene to use for biotech experiments. |
| 2. What’s a knockout gene? | Gene that is disabled to what its function is. |
| 3. Explain the selecting agent and the screening agent. | Selecting agent is the gene that determines if plasmid gets into the bacterium. The screening agent is the gene that determines if the right gene got into the plasmid. |
| 4. What direction does DNA travel? | Down or towards the negative charge. |
| 1. What is the exocrine gland? | secretes chemicals into ducts. |
| 2. What are Schwann cells? | cells that make up the myelin sheath of a nerve cell. |
| 3. How do steroid hormones act on a cell? Why does it make sense that steroid hormones can pass through the cell membrane and peptide hormones cannot? | Steroids go through the cell membrane and to the nucleus where they bind to DNA. Steroids are fat soluble, while peptides are not. |
| 4. Define Islets of Langerhans. What do alpha and beta cells each secrete? | The islets of Langerhans are clusters of endocrine cells that secrete two hormones directly into the circulatory system. Each islet has a population of alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secret glucose and beta cells secrete insulin. |
| 1. What is the difference between exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions? | Exergonic release energy while endergonic require energy. |
| 2. What element found in chitin is not usually found in carbohydrates? | Nitrogen |
| 3. Name two monosaccharides. | Fructose and glucose |
| 4. Which protein conformation involes alpha helices and beta sheets? | Secondary structure. |
| What are the two hormones are released by the Posterior Pituitary glad? | Oxytocin, and ADH |
| How are restriction enzymes used in Biotechnology experiments? | They are used to cut the DNA at restriction sites, creating sticky ends that can be sealed with other corresponding sticky ends. |
| What are the five conditions of a Hardy-Weinberg population? | 1) the breeding populations is large(prevents genetic drift) 2) mating is random 3) no mutation of alleles 4) no differential migration (emigration and immigration) 5) no natural selection (differential reproductive success/survival) |
| What is the main thing that Griffith discovered in 1928? | Transformation (that bacteria will take and express loose traits) |
| What are the three advantages of sexual reproduction? | 1) easier and faster 2) no loss of energy on mating cycles, finding a mate 3) no genetic variation, so uniformity allows organisms to find a niche where they can function optimally |
| What are the Macromolecules that do not contain N? | Lipids and Carbohydrates |
| What is lacking in muscle cells that causes fermentation to occur? | a lack of oxygen reaching the cells |
| Where does the energy come from in cellular respiration? | glucose |
| During what phase of interphase do chromosomes are copied? | s phase |
| What type of inheritance occurs if there is one gene that allows for the production of melanin and another gene that allows for the deposition of melanin into the cell? | Epistasis |
| Where are tight junctions most commonly found? | Epithelial tissues |
| What do epithelial cells of capillaries use pinocytosis for? | The liquid portion of the blood |
| What happens to materials engulfed by phagocytes? | They are broken down by enzymes and lysosomes |
| What are proteins that come out of the Rough ER most commonly used for/as? | Secretion/ creation of lysosomes/ replacement of membrane proteins |
| What are the steps of a protein going through the golgi body? | The Rough ER sends proteins in vesicles to the golgi body. The golgi body detects chemical tags on the proteins and then sends them in new vesicles to their destination. |
| What antigens do type O blood have? | No antigens |
| What is not able to be broken down by people with PKU? | The amino acid phenylalanine |
| What causes the “sickling” shape of red blood cells for people with Sickle-cell anemia? | A mutation in the hemoglobin protein |
| Name the molecules included in “CAPORG”. | CO2, Acetyl CoA, Pyruvate (PGAL), Oxaloacetate, RuBP, Glucose |
| How many ATP are produced from Lactic Acid Fermentation? | 2 |
| What are the waste products of cellular respiration? | ATP and CO2 |
| What are two examples of CAM plants? | Cacti and Pineapples |
| What is the CO2 acceptor in C4 plants? | PEP |
| What is required in the regeneration of RuBP in the Calvin Cycle? | ATP |
| What is a type of signaling that involves a cell that signals its neighbors? | Paracrine |
| What is a place Desmosomes might be found? | Heart or skin |
| Who wrote the cell theory? | Virchow |
| Name an advantage of having organelles in a cell. | Compartmentalization or specialization or surface area to volume ratio increased |
| What elements are found in Nucleic Acids? | CHONP |
| What type of bonds hold fatty acids to the glycerol molecule? | Ester bonds |
| What is the probability that two parents who are both heterozygous for 4 traits (AaBbCcDd) will have an offspring that is heterozygous for at least one trait? | 1/2 |
| What kingdom is unicellular except for some algae? | Protista |
| A steroid hormone being non polar allows for what to occur? | It allows for the hormone to go through the plasma membrane |
| What causes Artherosclerosis to occur? | cholesterol and connective tissue build up in the arteries |
| What are myofibrils in a muscle cell composed of? | myosin and action |
| What is a key role of sphincters in digestion? | To keep food from going forwards or backwards |
| As blood calcium levels increase, what happens to PTH levels? | They remain the same |
| Contractions in labor are considered what type of feedback? | positive feedback |
| What are the four types of animal tissue? | muscular, epithelial, nervous, connective |
| How many liters of blood are in an average human body? | 4 to 6 liters |
| How are hormones different from pheromones? | Hormones stay inside the body while pheromones affect influence behaviors outside of the body |
| What are two cases that usually lead to dramatic genetic drift? | Founder Effect and Bottleneck effect |
| Define vestigial structures. | Structures that is reduced in size and/or function but is homologous to the useful structures of evolutionary ancestors. |
| What type of speciation occurs due to geographical isolation? | Allopatrick speciation |
| What do we call an evolutionary branch of a phylogenetic tree? | Clade |
| Name the 8 levels of classification of living things. | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| What direction does mRNA get made in? | 5' to 3' |
| Where is tRNA made? | Nucleus |
| How many hydrogen bonds are found between A and G? | None |
| WHo discovered transformation? | Griffith and Avery |
| The point on the mRNA ribosome complex that the amino acids enter | A site |
| What elements are in protein? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur |
| What elements are in Lipids? | Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen |
| What elements are in Carbohydrates? | Carbon, hydrogen, and Oxygen |
| What elements are in Nucleic Acids? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. |
| Which macromolecule has a C1H2O1 ratio? | Carbohydrate |
| What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis? | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H1206 + 6O2 |
| What is a photoautotroph? | use light as a source of energy |
| What is a Chemoautotroph? | oxidize chemistry as a source of energy |
| Where is the site of photosynthesis? | Chloroplast located in the mesophyll |
| When do CAM plants have their stomata opened? | Only at night |
| What are the ends of the functional units of a muscle called? | Z lines |
| What are the two types of endocrine hormones? | peptide and steroid |
| Where are the Islets of Langerhan located? | pancreas |
| This type of bond forms when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom. | hydrogen bonds |
| What is the amino group? | -NH2 |
| What two structures are found in the secondary structure of a protein? | alpha helixes and beta sheets. |
| How do noncompetitive inhibitors work if they do not directly affect the active site? | They bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape. |
| Which cells have only 23 chromosomes in humans? | sex cells(egg and sperm) |
| Why are photons important? | They are molecules that represent different colors of light to our eyes. |
| How are cancer cells different than normal cells? | They exhibit density-independent inhibition which means that the cells keep growing. |
| What happens between tetrads in metaphase 1 of meiosis? | Crossing Over |
| Who came up with the idea of the law of segregation? | Mendel |
| What are the base pairs in DNA and how do they match up? | Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine |
| How do vaccines work? | They inject a small amount of the virus so the body can naturally protect yourself. |
| Looped domains are connected to what structure? | Protein Scaffolds |
| What does it mean if a cell is totipotent? | they can retain the zygote's potential to form all parts of the adult organism |
| What words did Darwin use instead of evolution in his book: The Origin of Species? | Descent with modification |
| What kind of disasters can create a bottleneck effect? | Earthquakes, floods, fires, hurricanes, etc. |
| What is the kingdom Animalia in an eight-kingdom system? | Animalia |
| What is the flower a reproductive structure of? | angiosperm |
| What is a bacteriophage and which experiment utilized this to show DNA was important? | baceteria infecting virus used in hershey chase experiment to show that DNA entered and protein coat stayed on the outside of the cell |
| In the lac operon what do the represser and RNA polymerase bind to respectively? | represser: binds to operator DNA blocking promoter RNA polymerase binds to promoter. |
| What operon is a repressible operon? | trp operon: it is always on unless tryptophan is present then it binds to represser to turn it off (represses the operon) |
| What operon is an inducible operon? | lac operon: off unless lactose is present to act as an inducer which binds to the represser removing it from the operator. |
| What type of control is the operon system? | transcriptional control |
| How does one neuron stimulate a second neuron? | Calcium is released as the impulse travels down neuron 1 causing vesicles of neurotransmitter to be released by exocytosis. The receptor on neuron 2 if changed allowing Na ions to enter generating the impulse there. |
| What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction? | binds to tropinin protein which moves the fiberous protein (tropomysoin) away from the binding sites so that the thick (myosin) filament head can bind to the thin (actin) filament that is attached to the walls of the sarcomere, pulling the walls closer. |
| What nuerotransmitter stimulates the muscle cell membrane? | acetylcholine: released by the nueron stimulate motor neurons |
| What is quorum sensing? | Bacteria being able to detect how many other bacteria are in the area based on chemical quantities. This leads to biofilm formation. |
| What is at the base of every phylogenetic tree? | common ancestor; ultimately the first cell unless tree only shows one portion of the tree of life. |
Created by:
whamesjr
Popular Biology sets