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Chapter 18: Microbio
Microbiology in dentistry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| aerobes (AYR-oebz) | Bacteria that require oxygen to grow |
| anaerobes (AN-uh-roebz) | Bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen and are destroyed by oxygen |
| bacilli (singular, bacillus) | Rod-shaped bacteria that cause tuberculosis and other diseases |
| Candida | a yeast commonly found in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract and sometimes in the skin |
| chancre | a painless ulcerating sore |
| cocci (singular, coccus) | Spherical bacterial cells that reproduce by dividing into two |
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob (KROITS-felt YAH-koeb) disease | Rare chronic brain disease with onset in middle to late life (40-60 years) |
| Ebola | rare but deadly virus that causes bleeding inside and outside the body |
| endospores | resistant, dormant structure formed inside of some bacteria that can withstand adverse conditions. |
| facultative anaerobes | organisms that can grow with or without oxygen |
| fungi (singular, fungus) | plants, such as mushrooms, yeasts, and molds that lack chlorophyll |
| Gram negative | classification of bacteria that do not hold a dye stain under a microscope |
| Gram positive | classification of bacteria that hold a dye stain and appear dark purple under a microscope |
| Gram's stain | four-step staining process developed by Hans Christian Gram and used to separate bacteria into groups |
| Gram variable | classification of bacteria that are not consistently stained |
| methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | type of staph infection that is resistant to several common antibiotics |
| nonpathogenic (non-path-oe-JEN-ik) | pertaining to microorganisms that do not produce disease |
| oral candidiasis (kan-di-DYE-uh-sis) | Candida yeast infection of the oral mucosa |
| pandemic (pan-DEM-ik) | condition that occurs throughout the people of a country or the world |
| pathogens (PATH-uh-jenz) | disease-producing microorganisms |
| percutaneous (pur-kyoo-TAY-nee-us) | through the skin, such as a needle stick, a cut, or a human bite |
| Petri plate | small, flat dish made of thin glass or plastic that contains sterile solid medium for the culture of microorganisms; also called Petri dish |
| prions (PRYE-ons) | infectious particles of proteins that lack nucleic acids |
| protozoa (proe-toe-ZOE-uh) | single-celled microscopic animals without a rigid cell wall |
| provirus | virus that is hidden during the latency period |
| spirochetes | spiral-shaped bacteria |
| staphylococci | cocci that form irregular groups or clusters |
| streptococci | cocci that form chains as they divide |
| tyndallization (tin-duhl-i-ZAY-shun) | Intermittent, or fractional, sterilization |
| virulent (VIR-yoo-lent) | capable of causing serious disease |
| viruses | ultramicroscopic infectious agents that contain DNA or RNA |
| Zika | a virus that is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. |
| What is the first criteria of Koch's Postulates | the microbial agent must be found in every case of the disease. |
| What is the second criteria of Koch's Postulates | The microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture. |
| What is the third criteria of Koch's Postulates | The microorganism must cause the same disease when inoculated into a susceptible animal. |
| What is the fourth criteria of Koch's Postulates | The same microbial agent must be recovered from the inoculated animal. |
| Who is referred to as the "Father of Microbiology"? | Louis Pasteur |
| Who recognized that airborne microorganisms were responsible for postsurgical infections? | Joseph Lister |
| Who was responsible for discovering the rabies vaccine? | Pasteur |
| Why is microbiology important to the dental assistant? | it helps them understand the way pathogens work and how to prevent the spread of disease through infection control. |
| What are the three primary shapes of bacteria? | Spherical (cocci), Rod (bacilli), Spiral (spirochetes) |
| What is the staining process for separating bacteria? | Gram positive They appear dark purple under the microscope, Bacteria found on the slide and appear pink or red means there is a Gram-negative infection, Bacteria that are not consistently stained are classified as Gram variable . |
| What is the most resistant form of bacterial life? | spores |
| How are prions different from other microorganisms? | Prions convert normal protein molecules into dangerous ones simply by causing the normal ones to change their shape |
| What is viral hepatitis? | inflammation of the liver caused by a virus |
| What are the symptoms of viral hepatitis? | Tiredness, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Abdominal discomfort, Dark urine, Clay-colored bowel movements, Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) |
| How long can HAV survive outside the body? | HAV can live outside the body for months, depending on environmental conditions. |
| How long can HBV survive outside the body? | HBV can survive outside the body for at least 7 days and still be capable of transmitting infection. |
| How long can HCV survive outside the body? | HCV can survive outside the body and continue to transmit infection for 16 hours, but not longer than 4 days. |
| How long is the HBV vaccine effective? | at least 15 years |
| Are booster doses of the HBV vaccine needed? | No, booster doses of the vaccine are not recommended routinely. |
| Which types of hepatitis are spread by exposure to blood? | Hepatitis B, C, and D |
| How is HIV spread? | sex, sharing needles with infected people, contaminated blood, mother to fetus |
| What tissues are affected by the West Nile virus? | Nervous system causing inflammation of the brain and spinal cord |
| How is the H1N1 virus spread? | When a person touches something contaminated with the virus then touches the eyes, nose, or mouth before washing hands |
| How is the Ebola virus spread? | The Ebola virus is spread through direct contact with blood and body fluids of a person who is sick with Ebola. |
| How is the Zika virus spread? | bites of mosquito; virus may persist in semen so also can be sexually transmitted |
| What birth defect can be caused by the Zika virus? | microcephaly |
| What microorganism is used as the benchmark for the effectiveness of a surface disinfectant? | Tuberculosis |
| What is a sign of the first stage of syphilis? | Painless ulcerating sore known as a chancre. |
| What disease is also known as lockjaw? | tetanus |
| What is a pandemic? | worldwide epidemic |
| microorganisms | a microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus. |
| Algae | photosynthetic creatures found in freshwater and marine habitats. do not cause humans disease. |
| Antony van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-vuhn-hoak) (1632-1723) | He used a primitive microscope to observe stagnant water and scrapings from the teeth. |
| John Tyndall (TIN-duhl) (1820-1893) | explained the need for prolonged heating to destroy microbial life in broth. He discovered that bacteria existed in heat-stable and heat-sensitive forms. Prolonged or intermittent heating was needed to destroy the heat-stable form |
| Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898) | described the heat-stable forms as endospores , which are formed during the life cycle of certain bacteria |
| Joseph Lister (1827-1912) | recognized the role of airborne microorganisms in post-surgical infection. By applying carbolic acid to dressings and using an aerosol of carbolic acid during surgery, he lowered the risk for infection after surgery |
| Robert Koch (1843-1910) | He developed a two-part dish that was used for growing bacteria and a technique used for isolating pure colonies of bacteria |
| Julius Petri (1852-1921) | the two-part dishes were named Petri plates after him. Petri plates are still used in microbiology laboratories today. To prove that a specific microorganism caused a particular disease |
| Louis Pasteur (1822-1895;) | disproved the theory of spontaneous generation of life and associated living microorganisms with disease. |
| How do spores survive? | Bacteria remain alive in the spore form but are inactive. As spores, they cannot reproduce or cause disease. When conditions are again favorable, these bacteria become active and capable of causing disease. |
| why are spores important in dentistry? | Because of this incredible resistance, harmless spores are used to test the effectiveness of techniques used to sterilize dental instruments |
| Two diseases caused by Prions | Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimers |
| Diseases caused by bacteria | Lyme disease, tetanus, tuberculosis, diptheria, meningitis, strep throat, and tooth decay |
| Diseases caused by viruses | Common cold, influenza, smallpox, warts, AIDS, chickenpox, measles, hepatitis, west nile, polio. |
| Hepatitis A "Viral hepatitis" | Inflammation and infection of the liver from the hepatitis virus. There is weakness, anorexia, nausea, fever, dark urine, and jaundice. |
| Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) | virus that causes inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood |
| Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) | a blood-borne disease that is spread through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated with this virus. |
| Hepatitis D virus (HDV) | a blood-borne disease that only occurs as a co-infection with B infection. although there is no specific vaccine, the hepatitis b vaccine should be given to prevent a HBV/HDV co-infection |
| Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | a virus that is transmitted through the oral-fecal route and causes a form of hepatitis |
| Methods of HIV transmission | sexual contact, blood to blood contact, sharing of needles, from mother to child |
| the effect of HIV on the human body | it infects special T cells and slowly kills them. T cells have special receptors on their surfaces and are primarily responsible for immunity. As more and more T cells die, the body's ability to fight infection weakens. |
| Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) | an infection that manifests with painful, watery blisters on the skin and mucous membranes |
| Herpes simplex virus type 1 | transient viral vesicles that infect the facial area, especially the mouth and nose |
| herpes simplex virus type 2 | sexually transmitted, ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress |
| Herpes zoster virus (HZV) | This virus causes chicken pox and shingles. Transmission occurs through direct contact with skin lesions or contact with infectious saliva. Herpes zoster is highly contagious to those who have not been previously infected. |
| Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | herpes-type virus that usually causes disease when the immune system is compromised |
| Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | acute infection which causes sore throat, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes; also called mononucleosis |
| the symptoms of an infection of West Nile virus | It affects a person's nervous system, causing inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness, aches, and sometimes rash. |
| symptoms of influenza | Chills, fever, headache, muscle aches (no intestinal symptoms) |
| How is influenza spread? | airborne droplets |
| Name the disease that is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide | Tuberculosis, which is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide. |
| Identify the bacterium discovered during an American Legion convention | The Legionella pneumophila bacterium |
| Explain how tetanus can be prevented | The disease can be prevented by the administration of a vaccine; however, immunity must be kept current through booster doses |
| The Legionella pneumophila bacterium's mode of transmission | No person-to-person transmission is involved. L. pneumophila bacteria have been found to thrive in lakes, creeks, hot tubs, spas, air conditioning systems, shower heads, water distillation systems and the biofilm found in dental unit waterlines |
| First stage of syphilis | A lession forms called chancre that resembles herpes but crusting is darker. Painless sore. |
| Second stage of syphilis | involves the appearance of a rash all over the body, including palms and feet |
| third stage of syphilis | Bacteria attack internal parts of the body |
| Identify the method of transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | is a common bacterium that is carried on the skin or in the nose of healthy people. |
| explain the best methods to prevent the spread methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | This infection is common in places where people are in close contact, including schools, dormitories, military barracks, and daycare facilities |
| H1N1 | form of swine influenza virus |
| herpesvirus | virus that causes infections in humans, such as herpes, cytomegalovirus, chickenpox, shingles, mononucleosis, measles, and Kaposi's sarcoma |
| latent | hidden, present but not realized |
| microbiology | study of microorganisms |
| microcephaly | abnormal smallness of the head, a congenital condition associated with incomplete brain development |
Created by:
Keyarafrench
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