Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Unit 1 - AP Bio
Contains flashcards over topic 01,1,2,3,4,5, and 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Inductive Reasoning | derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations |
| Deductive Reasoning | specific results are derived from general premises |
| Null Hypothesis | a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject, or nullify the data |
| Hypothesis | an explanation to a question that is tested by an experiments or a continued observation |
| Theory | summarizes a group of hypothesis and is supported by a massive body of evidence - it can never become a law |
| Scientific Law | a statement of fact that is usually a mathematical formula and is generally accepted to be true and universal |
| Independent Variable | represents a quantity that is being manipulated in an experiment |
| Dependent Variable | represents a quantity whose value depends on how the independent variable is manipulated |
| Constants | all the factors that stay the same in an experiment |
| Positive Controls | group is not exposed to the experimental treatment or independent variable but is exposed to a treatment known to produce the expected effect |
| Negative Controls | group not exposed to any treatment or exposed to a treatment that is known to have NO effect (ensures that there is no effect when there should be no effect) |
| Mean | the average of the data set |
| Median | the middle number in a range of data points and it is not distorted by extreme measurements |
| Mode | the value that appears most often in a data set |
| Variability | the measure of how far a data set diverges from the central tendency that is measured by range and standard deviation |
| Range | the difference between the largest and smallest values; the larger the range, the greater the variability |
| Standard Deviation | a measure of how spread out the data is from the mean; the lower the standard deviation the closer the data is to the mean |
| Standard Deviation Rules | 1 standard deviation from the mean represents 68% of the data, 2 standard deviations from the mean represents 95% of the data, and 3 standard deviations from the mean represents 99% of the data. |
| Error Bars | if error bars overlap, the difference is not statistically significant, but if they do not overlap then the difference may be statistically significant |
| Essential Elements | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen (CHOPN) |
| Bohr Model | shows electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom |
| Octet Rule | elements will gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their valence shell and become stable |
| Covalent Bonds | when 2+ atoms share electrons (usually between two nonmetals) |
| Nonpolar Covalent | electrons are shared equally between two atoms |
| Polar Covalent | electrons are not shared equally between two atoms, resulting in partial charges |
| Ionic Bonds | the attraction between oppositely charged atoms (ions) |
| Hydrogen Bonds | the partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent molecule |
| Polarity | unequal sharing of the electrons make water a polar molecule |
| Cohesion | attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind; responsible for surface tension |
| Adhesion | the clinging of one molecule to a different molecule due to the polarity in water |
| Capillary Action | the upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension; occurs when adhesion is stronger than cohesion |
| High Specific Heat | water resists changes in temperature because heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds, but heat is released when hydrogen bonds form |
| Density | as water solidifies it expands and becomes less dense due to hydrogen bonds - when cooled water molecules move too slowly to break the bonds |
| Solvent | dissolving agent in a solution - water is a versatile solvent |
| Hydroxyl Group | -OH |
| Carbonyl Group | C=O |
| Carboxyl Group | --COOH |
| Amino Group | -NH2 |
| Methyl Group | -C-H3 |
| Phosphate Group | -OPO3 |
| Dehydration Reaction | bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O |
| Hydrolysis | breaks the bonds in a polymer by adding H2O |
| Carbohydrates | nutrients and fuel for cells, and is used in cellular respiration ; comprised of CHO |
| Monosaccharides | simple sugars that are monomers of carbohydrates |
| Disaccharides | two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds (polymers) |
| Storage Polysaccharides | Plants store starch to store excess glucose and animals store glycogen in the muscle and liver cells |
| Structural Polysaccharides | Cellulose: tough substance that forms cell walls Chitin: forms exoskeleton of arthropods |
| Protein | molecule consisting of polypeptides that fold into a 3D shape ; comprised of CHONS ; shape determines function |
| Amino Acids | monomer of proteins that are made up of an amino group, carboxyl group, and a R side chain |
| Peptide Bonds | to form a peptide bond the carboxyl group of one AA must be positioned next to the amino group of another AA |
| Polypeptides | many amino acids linked by peptide bonds, and each has a unique amino acid sequence and directionality |
| N-Terminus | end of polypeptide with a free amino group |
| C-Terminus | end of polypeptide with a free carboxyl group |
| Functions of Proteins | antibodies, enzymes, messenger, structural, transport, and storage |
| Primary Protein Structure | linear amino acid chain determined by genes, it also dictates the secondary and tertiary forms |
| Secondary Protein Structure | coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding within the polypeptide backbone ; forms A helix and B pleated sheets |
| Tertiary Protein Structure | 3D folding due to interactions between the side chains of the amino acids that is reinforced by hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges of the side chains |
| Quaternary Protein Structure | association of 2+ polypeptides, and is only found in some proteins |
| Nucleic Acids | they store, transmit, and express hereditary information and have nucleotide monomers |
| 2 Forms of Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA |
| Parts of a Nucleotide | nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar (pentose), and phosphate groups |
| Pyrimidines | one ring with 6 atoms: cytosine, thymine, uracil |
| Purines | one ring with 6 atoms bonded to one ring of 5 atoms: adenine and guanine |
| Five Carbon Sugar (DNA) | deoxyribose |
| Five Carbon Sugar (RNA) | ribose |
| Polynucleotides | nucleotides linked by adjacent phosphate groups ; has a 5' to 3' directionality ; dictates structure of a protein |
| DNA | double helix, anti parallel strands, hydrogen bonds hold bases together ; C to G and A to T |
| RNA | single stranded ; A to U and G to C |
| Lipids | nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules that consist of fats, phospholipids, and steroids |
| Fats | composed of glycerol and fatty acids |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | no double bonds between carbons in the carbon chain, there is more hydrogen ; rigid |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | contains one or more double bonds ; not rigid |
| Phospholipids | component of the cell membrane that consists of one saturated fatty aid, one unsaturated fatty acid, glycerol, and phosphate ; creates a bilayer in H2O |
| Phospholipid Tails | hydrophobic |
| Phospholipid Heads | hydrophilic |
| Steroids | lipids with four fused rings that are determined by the unique groups attached |
Created by:
sofiamksaid
Popular Biology sets