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Hann
Biology A2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A protein found in muscle cells. It is the main component of thin filaments | Actin |
| Random change to structure of chromosomes. Inversion; deletion; translocation (piece becomes attached to another); non disjunction (homologous chromosomes fail to seperate at meiosis 1 or chromatids fail to seperate at meiosis 2 causing polyploidy | Chromosome mutation |
| Transplantation of organs between individuals of the same species | Allotransplantation |
| Making of multiple copies of the same short section of DNA. The process of PCR is used in automatic amplification of DNA sections | Amplification |
| Form of learning, 2 unrelated stimuli are applied to an animal, one a normal response another unrelated. After repeated exposure to both stimuli the animal will eventually respond with the normal response to the unrelated stimulus | Classical conditioning |
| Hydrogen bond formation between complementary base pairs when single strands of DNA join. Seen when complementary stcky ends join and where DNA probes attach to a complementary DNA section | Annealing |
| The growing apical bud at the tip of the shoot inhibits lateral buds further down | Apical dominance |
| Programmed cell death. Orderly process whereby cells die after they have undergone the maximum number of divisions | Apoptosis |
| Without contamination. The lack of contamination by foreign, unwanted organisms | Asepsis |
| Comparison of DNA sequences coding for production of proteins and regulatory sequences in genomes of different organisms of different species. Comparisons include the search for sequences that make some organisms pathogenic and others not | Comparative genome mapping |
| Bacterial cells can join together and pass plasmid DNA from one bascterial cell to another. This process can take place between bacteria of different species and is concern in terms of passing plasmid located genes with antibiotic resistance | Conjugation |
| A culture of microorganisms set up in a reaction vessel to which substrates are added and from which products are removed as fermentation proces continues | Continuous culture |
| Genetic variation/quantitive variation, where there is a wide range of phenotypic variation within the population. No distinct categories | Continuous variation |
| qualitative variation. Genetic variation that has distinct phenotype categories. Usually controlled by one gene | Discontinuous variation |
| Enzyme capable of catalysing a condensation reaction between phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar group of another. Results in DNA backbone molecules being joined together and essential to recombinant DNA procedures | DNA ligase |
| A change in DNA structure. Substitution;addition;deletion;inversion;triple nucleotide repeat. | Dna mutation |
| Gene that codes for dopamine | DRD4 |
| Method used to seperate molecules in a mixture based on size. Relies on substances within the mixture having a charge. When a current is applied, the charged molecules are attracted to the opposite side of the electrode. | Electrophoresis... The smallest molecules travel fastest through stationary phase (gel-based medium)and will travel furthest. Important to seperate DNA fragments of different sizes in sequencing and profiling |
| Anaerobic respiration in microorganisms, used to yeild specific products. Or Culturing any microorganism in order to generate a specific product. Industrial biotechnological processesusing whole organisms is reffered to as... | Fermentation |
| Any therapeutic technique where the functioning allele of a gene is placed in the cells of an individual lacking functioning alleles of that gene. treats recessive genes but not dominant | Gene therapy |
| Obtaining a particular gene, by removal from donor organism's genome using restriction enzymes or by manufacture, usually from mRNA transcript using reverse transcriptase enzyme. The gene is inserted into recipient organism. | Genetic engineering |
| ...The inserted gene is transcribed into protein, so giving the recipient organism a characteristic it did not have previously. They are thus genetically/ modified. Transgenic | Genetic engineering 2 |
| A directional growth response in which the direction of the response is determined by direction of external stimulus | Tropism |
| Micropropogation. The cloning of isolated cells or small pieces of plant tissue in special culture under aseptic condition. | tissue culture |
| Technique of cloning organisms involving the removal of nucleus from adult, differentiated cell, which is placed into enucleated egg cell taken from donar organism. The cell formed is placed into a surrogate mother. results in clone of adult | Somatic cell nuclear transfer |
| Involves the placing of the gene in adult differentiated cells. E.g. Placing CFTR genes in in respiratory system cells of individuals with cystic fibrosis | Somatic cell gene therapy |
| A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. | Biological Species |
| group of organisms with similar morphology, physiology embryology and behaviour that all occupy the same ecological niche | Phylogenetic |
| Area of the cerebral cortex within the neurones associated with recieving sensory info from the receptors are found. Often pass info to associated areas to make senseof incoming info | Sensory area |
| Environmental factor that confers greater chances of surviving and reproducing on some members of the population than on others. | Selection pressure |
| A metabolite produced by an organism usually in the latter stage of growth as the culture ages. These are not specifically required for the organism to grow. usually have antibiotic properties | Secondary metabolite |
| In voluntary muscle, the span between one Z-line and the next Z-line. The Z-line is the central part if the l band which alternates with the A band. It is the smallest unit of contraction of a voluntary muscle, consisting of the thick and thin filaments | Sarcomere |
| Enzyme derived from bacteria, has a role in defence against viruses. Enzymes catalyse hydrolysis reaction that breaks phosphate-sugar backbone on DNA. Broken at different points on the restriction site leaving a staggered 'sticky end'. | Restriction enzyme- restriction site is unique to each restrictive enzyme |
| Growing bacteria on an agar plate, then transferring a replica of that growth to other plates using sterile velvet pad. The replica plates contain different antibiotics. Analysis of growth patterns gives info about genetic property of growing bacteries | replica plating |
| An enzyme originally derived from retroviruses. The enzyme catalyses the construction of a DNA strand using an mRNA strand as a template. Effectively the reverse of transcription. | Reverse transcripatse |
| Gene that can undergo mutations to become an oncogene, which includes tumour formation | Proto-oncogene |
| Short-single stranded sequences of DNA, about 10 bases in length. they are needed, in sequencing reactions and polymerase chain reactions, to bind to a section of DNA because the DNA polymerase enzymes cannot bind directly to single-stranded DNA fragments | Primer (DNA) |
| Term describes the action of the myosinhead in muscular contraction. The head group attached to the actin filament bends, pulling the thick filament to overlap further with the thin filament. Energy from ATP is used up in power stroke. | Power stroke |
| Means "coming before". This molecule is one that is used to form another useful molecule. E.g. beta-carotene is precursor for vitamin A | Precursor |
| Any metabolite which is formed as part of the normal gowth of a microorganism. During growth the lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and waste products generated by the microorganism in order to grow in numbers are described as... | Primary metabolite |
Created by:
hannlow2002
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