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Midterm #2
Amy Rothschild's Foundations in Law and Justice second midterm study questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the evidence that mass incarceration is racially targeted and a form of slavery? | African Americans are only 13% of the population yet make up the majority of those who are incarcerated since 1989 |
| Are greater incarceration rates a sign of increased criminality? | no- it shows that there are targeted attempts to abuse laws by not challenging stereotypes and selective enforcement of laws, which results in people of color disproportionately imprisoned |
| What are the four institutions that have served to define, confine, and control African Americans? | Slavery, Jim Crow Laws, urban ghettos, prisons/hyperghettos |
| What were the goals of institutions controlling African Americans? | economic- free labor, caste division- creation of an outcast group, and prisons and hyperghettos also attempts to exploit and ostractize |
| Reasons for slavery? | tobacco farms needed labor to function, obvious cause for ostracization |
| reasons for Jim Crow? | labor needed for cotton plantations-creation of a legal sharecropping system and vagrancy laws to enforce it, was a form of slavery, ostracization through threat of lynching |
| What was the "Great Migration?" | A movement of 6 million African Americans from the South to the North of the US to pursue economic opportunities and escape racism |
| Reasons for ghettos? | Only jobs available to this influx of new workers was menial jobs in the steel mills or railroads or factories; Black people found themselves stuck in the "black belt" without hope of economic improvement |
| Reasons for ghettos ending? | African Americans secured the right to vote- discrimination became illegal, ghettos were no longer as ostracizing as they were; loss of manufacturing jobs in the 1970s at the same time |
| Reasons for prisons and hyperghettos? | Different than others because the goal is containment, not exploitation of labor; the same population goes back and forth between the two institutions; hyperghetto is "devoid of market utility" |
| All four institutions are what? | race making institutions- producing and maintaining racial divisions and ideas about African Americans |
| What is Colorblindness? | The claim that color or race is 'unseen'. "we don't see race". |
| What American values lead to support of "Colorblindness"? | Individualism, the belief that if people try hard enough they will succeed, no matter the circumstance. |
| Problems with Colorblindness? | Everyone sees and recognizes race. Even subconsciously. Ignores past discrimination, pretends that the issue of race doesnt exist. |
| "Colorblind Racism" | Claiming that everyone is equal ignores the present issue of racial disparity, such ignorance can be dangerous bc ppl falsely assume the problem no longer exists. |
| "Color-Conscious" | To recognize and address racial inequality without promoting it. |
| Colorblindness and Affirmative action | Colorblindness rejects Affirmative Action by pretending such action isn't needed. Why address diversity and disparity when one could pretend the issue is nonexistent. |
| How has Affirmative action changed? | Used to address historical injustice, now related more to diversity. |
| What year did a Court Case regarding Affirmative action take place? | 1978 (UC Davis case) |
| What about the Affirmative action court case? | UC Davis case (1978) made affirmative action serve govt interest, cant be abt injustice, CAN be abt diversity |
| What Affirmative action is considered to be "ok". | Diversity-related affirmative action, but not to fill a quota. |
| Harvard Case? (Affirmative Action) | Asian Americans being discriminated against by a quota restricting how many could attend the school. Due to rejection of SAT scores. |
| Court findings for Harvard Case? | 2020, determined Harvards actions were OK. going to look at case again and challenge race-based admissions. |
| Why might Asian Americans be doing better in the US? | Still discriminated against, but did not face restrictive practices such as Jim Crow Law, still face stereotypes but those stereotypes don't interfere the same way they do with black americans. |
| Other college-related acceptance issues: | Deans list (also wealth, connections, etc). Athletes and legacies recieve better preference. Conflict over Legacies (Amherst) |
| "Traditional" Definition of Race in America: | Seperation by phenotype (skin color). Racial traits are "natural". |
| Has there always been an idea of racism? | NO. Greeks/Romans ethnocentric, but not because of race. Racism was introduced to justify slavery. |
| Racism against Black people in Early America? | Really non-existent. Interracial marriage and the ability to own land. |
| Historical Context of Racism: | Revolutionary War. Slavery needed a racial justification (unlike Europe) because if All Men were Created Equal, slavery could NOT exist. So racial ideologies were adopted. |
| Why were Africans enslaved? | Slavery of Africans solved cheap labor and offered work without resistance. |
| Slavery was initially about: | Free labor. Not race. Couldn't escape, easy group to use. |
| How did Racism justify Slavery? | Because if Africans were inferior, they did not have to be included in "All men are created equal", and therefore could continue to be used for labor. |
| What allowed Racism to develop after slavery? | The enslavement of Africans already allowed for people to consider them inferior. Cyclic nature of allowing slavery bc ppl are inferior, people inferior bc they are slaves, |
| "Scientific Racism" | (Samuel Morton). Scientists created false studies to further justify racism. |
| What do people mean when asking "Is Race Real"? | asking if race is a biological reality. |
| Is race real? | No. does not reflect genetic reality. Scientifically supported as two humans can be 99.9% similar, even with racial differences. |
| Skin color and non-physical traits? | not linked to one another whatsoever. |
| Is Race Real? (Yes) | Yes because it was implemented and has yet to be removed. People treated differently because of thier race. Racism so prominent it can cause health disparities. |
| Is Race Real (No). | No scientific difference between races. It is a social problem, not a biological one. |
| What does it mean to be white in America? | To have privileges that racial minorities do not. Not having to worry about unfair treatment by Law Enforcement. |
| White Privilege? | The ability to be percieved as 'normal', because whiteness is considerd the norm. Not facing racial disparities, not affected by any stereotypes, not hindered by other peoples racial perception. |
| Certain White Privileges? | Can be found on Slide 9: Whiteness. List of all different privileges that a white person would have that a minority wouldnt. |
| Intersectionality: | The interconnected nature of social categories. Privileges and disadvantages that might come with said categories. |
| Other Social Groups/Categories that can have advantages/Different advantages. | Sex, Gender, Religion, Sexual-Attraction, Age, Weight, Attractiveness, Language. |
| Positive Advantages: | Some privileges ONLY belong to white people, but such privileges could ideally be extended to everyone regardless of race. |
| Negative Advantages: | Certain privileges distort the humanity of the holders of said privileges, as well as the group affected. Such privileges should be rejection rather than given to everyone. |
| Do white people recognize their privilege? | Not usually. White is considered the default, so racial issues often seen as a disadvantage, rather then recognizing that they have an advantage just by existing. |
| Why is ignorance effective? (White privilege) | By not recognizing thier privilege, people do not have to address racial disparities, can promote individualism as a solution for all problems instead of acknowledging racial issues. |
| When was white first used? | during colonial times when slavery was being established |
| What were the goals of race? | Became a way to isolate the other and also to gloss over class divides within their own group |
| Why did racism persist even after slavery was over? | It was built on a feeling of superiority and power, not just a need for labor |
| What was the Indian removal Act of 1830? | allowed Cherokee to be forced out of homes and off ancestral land at gunpoint |
| What has happened to racism in recent years? | talk has become more subtle and implicit as outright racism is disapproved of; more and more microaggressions |
| What is individual racism often linked with? | implicit or unconscious bias |
| What is the difference between implicit and explicit bias? | Implicit is unconscious and often automatic, built in from the environment we are raised in, explicit is conscious and comes more from our experiences |
| What is institutional racism? | the policies and practices within and across an institution that, intentionally or not, produce outcomes that favor one group and put the other at a disadvantage |
| Who was Trayvon Martin? | Unarmed Black teenager who was shot and killed by a man who thought he looked suspicious; his death and the acquittal of his killer started a wave of outrage in the US |
| Who was George Zimmerman? | Trayvon Martin's killer; mixed race, was acquitted on a charge of self defense despite Martin being an unarmed child |
| What does the Martin/Zimmerman case show? | Because of racial profiling, Zimmerman killed someone and that is acceptable in the eyes of the law because blackness is linked with criminality and therefore an acceptable reason to get scared and shoot someone |
| What are stand your ground laws | people may use deadly force against someone they suspect to be a criminal without having to retreat first |
| What is the difference between stand your ground laws and self defense laws? | self defense laws permit deadly force only when there is no other option |
| What are possible solutions to the invisibility of whiteness? | Make whiteness visible and strange, examine, see, and study whiteness |
| Is white privilage just psychological? | No, can lead to tangible/real world advantages, protections, and opportunities POC do not have |
| What are the four main impacts of racial inequality? | Poverty, home ownership, employment, and health |
| Has "white" always meant the same thing? | No, the category of white has changed to include and exclude different groups over time- Italians, Jews, and Irish used to not be considered white; "out groups" must experience upwards social mobility before being absorbed into the white category |
| What are some examples of antisemitism in the US in the 1920s? | certain jobs were off limits, there were small quotas for Jews in higher education, their opportunities for social mobility were limited |
| What is the 1924 Immigration Act? | An act that set quotas on immigration from southern and eastern Europe, as well as banning Chinese immigration entirely |
| When and why were forced sterilization policies used? | To limit "inferior" people- those of different races, mental handicaps, different sexualities- from having children and passing on something that wasn't accepted in society |
| How did minority Europeans become middle class and white? | Government aid after WWII- specifically the GI bill which provides educational loans, home ownership loans, job priority and support during job search, and loans for starting a business FHA loans provided housing for ethnic whites but excluded blacks |
| Who was excluded from the GI bill benefits? | Women and Black veterans struggled to receive their benefits |
| What was the Naturalization Act of 1790 | First bill passed after the constitution saying free white and only free white persons could become full citizens of the US |
| What was the 1935 Social Security Act? | job insurance/unemployment insurance in the wake of the great depression, except for agricultural and domestic workers who were mainly POC |
| What is a hyperghetto? | a severely impoverished and anomic ghetto whose inhabitants are mostly working-class people of a specific ethnic minority, without any significant presence of wealthier strata, whose inhabitants are bouncing back and forth between here and prison |
| Is whiteness visible? | No, white privilege and whiteness are both invisible. |
| Are white people defined by race? | No. Example: 'black gay couple' instead of simply 'gay couple'. |
| How is whiteness portrayed in media? | Portrayed as the norm. Exist 'as people'. Represented in media but attention not called to thier race. |
| Consequences of Whiteness being invisible? | Whites can claim to speak for humanity rather than just thier race. 'power of normal'. |
| Solutions for the invisibility of whiteness? | Examine whiteness. |
| Racial inequality in Poverty: | one in four blacks, one in four native americans, and one in five hispanics are classified as poor. |
| Racial inequality in home ownership? | Less than half of black families (41%) and hispanic families (45%) live in owner occupied housing. Number is 71% for white families. |
| Racial inequality in employment? | Employment rate for African American men is 11-15 percentage points lower than for whites in every month since Jan 2000. |
| Racial inequality in health? | Blacks 2-3x as likely as whites to suffer from hypertension and diabetes. |
| How did whites become 'white' and 'middle class'? | Many early settlers in America were Protestant Anglo-Saxons, who became the elites. |
| How did 'ethnic whites' become more white/attain more money? | Due to the implementation of government policies/laws. (GI Bill) |
| Racist FHA loans? | Targeted white commmunities, giving them loans but excluding people of color. People of color couldn't buy or fix old homes. |
| Naturalization Act of 1790? | Said that only free white persons could become full citizens of the country. |
| 1935 Social Security act? | Job insurance/unemployment insurance (in the wake of the great depression)(except for agricultural workers and domestic workers who tended to be POC) |
| FHA National Housing Act of 1934? | For the first 30 years of the program, 98% of the recipients – low-interest mortgages- were white. People of color were almost completely barred |
| The GI Bill/Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944? | Provided benefits to returning veterans, including low-cost mortgages, loans to start a business, cash payments for tuition for school and living expenses( Black GIs and females were excluded). |
Created by:
gbrintnall
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