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Construction
Construction Concepts and Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| It may refer to the contractual arrangement under which a firm supplies construction management services to an owner. | Construction Management |
| Includes such activities as specification development, process control, product acceptance, laboratory and technician certification, training, and communication. | Quality Management |
| Is primarily concerned with the process control function. | Quality Control (QC) |
| Is the process of moving soil or rock from one location to another and processing it so that it meets construction requirements of location, elevation, density, moisture content, and so on. | Earthmoving |
| Is the ability of a soil to support the weight of vehicles under repeated traffic. | Trafficability |
| Is a measure of the difficulty in excavating and loading a soil. | Loadability |
| Is the bucket volume contained within the bucket when following the outline of the bucket sides. | Plate Line Capacity |
| Is the bucket capacity when the load is struck off flush with the bucket sides. | Struck Capacity |
| Assumes a level of material flush with the lowest edge of the bucket. | Water Line Capacity |
| Is the maximum volume that can be placed in the bucket without spillage based on a specified angle of repose for the material in the bucket. | Heaped Volume |
| The ________ is a very versatile machine that has the longest reach for digging and dumping of any member of the crane shovel family. | Dragline |
| Are primarily used for lifting, lowering, and transporting loads. They move loads horizontally by swinging or traveling. | Cranes |
| Represents that component of vehicle weight which acts parallel to an inclined surface. | Grade Resistance |
| Is primarily due to tire flexing and penetration of the travel surface. | Rolling Resistance |
| Represents those components of cycle time other than travel time. | Fixed Time |
| Represents the travel time required for a unit to haul material to the unloading site and return. | Variable Time |
| The process of giving natural soils enough abrasive resistance and shear strength to accommodate traffic or design loads is called? | Ground Modification or Soil Stabilization |
| Is the process of increasing the density of a soil by mechanically forcing the soil particles closer together, thereby expelling air from the void spaces in the soil. | Compaction |
| _______ __________, or deep compaction, involves dropping a heavy weight from a crane onto the ground surface to achieve soil densification. | Dynamic Compaction |
| Also called vibroflotation and vibrocompaction, is the process of densifying cohesionless soils by inserting a vibratory probe into the soil. | Vibratory Compaction |
| ___________, or placing additional weight on the soil surface, has long been used to densify cohesive soils. | Surcharging |
| Refers to the improvement of the engineering properties of a soil by use of physical or chemical admixtures. | Soil Stabilization |
| Is the process of bringing earthwork to the desired shape and elevation (or grade). | Grading |
| ______ _______, or simply _________, involves smoothing slopes, shaping ditches, and bringing the earthwork to the elevation required by the plans and specification. | Finish Grading or Finishing |
| In highway construction, the process of cutting down high spots and filling in low spots of each roadway layer is called? | Balancing |
| Is the process of bringing each roadway layer to its final grade. | Trimming |
| The process of rock moving may be considered in four phases.... | • Loosening • Loading • Hauling • Compacting |
| Is produced by mixing portland cement, aggregate, and water. | Concrete |
| The construction operations involved in the production of concrete include....... | • Batching • Mixing • Transporting • Placing • Consolidating • Finishing • Curing |
| Usually weighs from 140 to 160 lb/cu ft (2243–2563 kg/m3), depending on the mix design and type of aggregate used. | Normal-Weight Concrete |
| May weigh from 15 to 90 lb/cu ft (240–1442 kg/m3) and have a 28-day compressive strength from about 100 to 1000 lb/sq in. (690–6895 kPa). | Lightweight Insulating Concrete |
| Is concrete used in a structure such as a dam in which the weight of the concrete provides most of the strength of the structure. | Mass Concrete |
| Is made with heavy aggregates such as barite, magnetite, and steel punchings; it is used primarily for nuclear radiation shielding. | Heavyweight Concrete |
| Is concrete having a slump of 1 in. (2.5 cm) or less. | No-Slump Concrete |
| Is a measure of concrete consistency obtained by placing concrete into a test cone following a standard test procedure (ASTM C143) and measuring the decrease in height (slump) of the sample when the cone is removed. | Slump |
| Is concrete that is suitable for high temperature applications such as boilers and furnaces. | Refractory Concrete |
| Is concrete that has been cast into the desired shape prior to placement in a structure. | Precast Concrete |
| Is concrete that will be exposed to view and therefore utilizes special shapes, designs, or surface finishes to achieve the desired architectural effect. | Architectural Concrete |
| Is a general-purpose cement suitable for all normal applications in the five principal types of portland cement, classified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as Types I–V, used in construction. | Type I (Normal) Portland Cement |
| Provides better resistance to alkali attack and produces less heat of hydration than does Type I cement in the five principal types of portland cement, classified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as Types I–V, used in construction. | Type II (Modified/Moderate) Portland Cement |
| Provides 190% of Type I strength after 1 day of curing. It also produces about 150% of the heat of hydration of normal cement during the first 7 days in the five principal types of portland cement. | Type III (High Early Strength) Cement |
| Produces only 40–60% of the heat produced by Type I cement during the first 7 days. However, its strength is only 55% of that of normal cement after 7 days in the five principal types of portland cement. | Type IV (Low Heat) Cement |
| Provides maximum resistance to alkali attack in the five principal types of portland cement, classified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as Types I–V, used in construction. | Type V (Sulfate-Resistant) Cement |
| Is used in concrete to reduce the cost of the mix and to reduce shrinkage. | Aggregate |
| Is required in the concrete mix for several purposes. Principal among these is to provide the moisture required for hydration of the cement to take place. | Water |
| Is the chemical reaction between cement and water which produces hardened cement. The heat that is produced by this reaction is referred to as heat of hydration. | Hydration |
| Normally used range from about 0.40 to 0.70 by weight. | Water/Cement Ratios |
| Has significantly increased resistance to freezing and thawing as well as to scaling caused by the use of deicing chemicals. | Air-Entrained Concrete |
| Increase the slump or workability of a concrete mix. Thus, with a water-reducing agent the amount of water in the mix may be reduced without changing the concrete’s consistency. | Water-Reducing Agents |
| Slow the rate of hardening of concrete. | Retarders |
| Act in the opposite manner to retarders. That is, they decrease setting time and increase the early strength of concrete. | Accelerators |
| Are used to reduce the heat of hydration, increase the workability, and reduce the segregation of a mix. | Pozzolans |
| Increase the workability of a mix. | Workability Agents or Plasticizers |
| Is the process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates, and additives prior to mixing concrete. | Batching |
| Are truck-mounted concrete mixers capable of mixing and transporting concrete. The product they deliver is referred to as ready-mixed concrete. | Truck Mixers or Transit Mix Trucks |
| Consists of gravel, crushed stone, or another suitable material larger than ¼ in. (6.4 mm) in diameter. | Coarse Aggregate |
| Are materials other than portland cement, aggregates, and water that are added to concrete either immediately before or during its mixing to alter the properties of the concrete in a variety of ways. | Admixtures |
| Permit a lower water content, improve workability, and increase the efficiency of the portland cement in a mix, which lowers a concrete's cost relative to its performance. | Water-Reducing Admixtures |
| Are mostly used in concrete that is to be pumped. They produce a mix that flows easily, with no increase in its water content. | High-Range Water-Reducing Admixtures (Super Plasticizers) |
| Admixtures that have a retarding effect on the set of portland cement overcome the accelerating effect that temperature has on setting during hot weather and in large masses of concrete. | Retarders |
| Increase the rate of early strength development in concrete. Because concrete is unable to maintain a particular shape before it sets, it must be placed in a form or mold. In building construction, this form or mold is called formwork. | Accelerators |
| Are made by building a large section of form, as described earlier for centering, and supporting the entire section on deep steel trusses. | Flying Forms |
| Is a method of continuously moving a form for vertical structures, such as elevator or stair shafts, upward on jacks as new concrete is placed on top of the old. | Slip Forming |
| Are rubber or vinyl inserts designed to be placed in concrete joints to prevent water from penetrating the joint. | Waterstops |
| Are often necessary to separate concrete sections and prevent the bonding of one concrete section with another, or to separate a concrete section from another material or structural part so that one can move independently of the other. | Isolation and Separation Joints |
| The ____________ _____ selected should be the lowest value required to meet design requirements such as durability, strength, and impermeability. | Water-Cement Ratio |
| Concrete that will be exposed to a combination of wet-dry and freeze-thaw cycling and de-icing chemicals requires the following for durability..... | • A Low Water-Cement Ratio • Air-Entrainment • Suitable Materials • Adequate Curing • Good Construction Practices |
| A _______ ________ is one that is readily molded and yet will change its form only slowly if the mold is removed. | Plastic Concrete |
| Concrete is handled and transported by..... | • Chutes • Push Buggies • Buckets Handled by Cranes • Pumping Through a Pipeline • Pneumatically Forcing through a Hose (Shotcrete) |
| Concrete is either delivered to the site by truck or, in small projects, mixed at the site and moved to its placement location by.... | • Dumping Directly from a Truck's Chute • Buggy • Dumping from a Truck's Chute into a Large Bucket • Dumping from a Truck into a Concrete Pump |
| The movement of plastic concrete into its final position (usually within forms) is called _______. | Placing |
| Is pneumatically placed concrete, used primarily for swimming pools and other in-ground and aboveground free-form structures and for repairing damaged concrete. | Shotcrete |
| Concrete should be compacted by a method appropriate to the material and its location to.... | • Eliminate Stone Pockets and Large Air Bubbles • Consolidate Each Layer with that Previously Placed • Completely Embed Reinforcing and Fixtures • Bring Just Enough Fine Material to the Faces and Top Surfaces |
| Medium- to high-slump concrete should be compacted and worked into place by? | Spading or Puddling |
| The finishing of standard-weight concrete slabs proceeds through several steps in a defined order. These steps are....... | • Screeding • Leveling • Edging • Jointing • Floating • Troweling • Broom Finishing or Other Surface Texturing |
| Generally, the dry materials used in making quality concrete are heavier than water. Thus, shortly after placement, they have a tendency to settle to the bottom and displace the mixing water to the surface, which is called? | Bleeding |
| The surface of newly placed concrete is struck off (screeded) by moving a straightedge back and forth with a sawlike motion across the top of the forms and screeds. | Screeding |
| Is the bringing of a concrete surface to true grade with enough mortar to produce the desired finish. | Leveling |
| Rounds off the formed edge of a slab to prevent chipping or damage. | Edging |
| Except when joints will be later sawed, immediately following or during edging, premolded inserts are placed in concrete slabs to control cracking in the concrete as a result of shrinkage. | Jointing |
| In general, ________ may be done when the water sheen has disappeared and the concrete will support the weight of the finisher. | Floating |
| The purpose of floating is to.... | • Embed Large Aggregate Just Beneath the Surface • Remove Slight Imperfections, Humps, and Voids to Produce a Level • Consolidate Mortar at the Surface in Preparation for Other Finishing Operations • Open the Surface to Permit Excess Moisture to Escape |
| Is done on slabs that are to be left exposed or to receive thin finishes, such as resilient flooring, carpet, tile, or paint. | Troweling |
| Steel-troweled concrete surfaces are very smooth and become slippery when wet. They can be slightly roughened to produce a nonslip surface by brushing or brooming them. | Broom Finishing |
| Is the breaking away of the hardened concrete surface of a slab to a depth of about 1/6 to 3/16 in. (1.6 to 4.8 mm). It usually occurs at an early age of the slab. | Scaling |
| Is the occurrence of numerous fine hair cracks in the surface of a newly hardened slab due to surface shrinkage. | Crazing |
| Is the appearance of a powdery material on the surface of a newly hardened concrete slab. | Dusting |
| Often based on a polymer-modified asphalt (PMA), is available and has demonstrated high resistance to rutting and cracking as well as to petroleum fuels. | Fuel-Resistant Asphalt |
| Which is liquid at room temperature, is created when petroleum distillates are mixed with asphalt cement. | Asphalt Cutback |
| Contain particles of asphalt dispersed in water by means of emulsifying agents. | Asphalt Emulsions |
| The _____ _____ of a liquid is the temperature at which it produces sufficient vapor to ignite in the presence of air and an open flame. | Flash Point |
| A ________ _____ is capable of spreading, consolidating, and finishing a concrete slab without the use of conventional forms. | Slipform Paver |
| A ____ ____ is a thin coating of light bituminous material applied to a previously paved surface to act as a bonding agent. | Tack Coat |
| A ____ __________ is a substance applied to an unpaved surface to reduce the amount of dust produced by vehicular traffic and wind. | Dust Palliative |
| A ___ ____ is a light application of a slow-setting asphalt emulsion diluted by one to three parts of water. | Fog Seal |
| An ________ ______ ____ is composed of a mixture of slow-setting asphalt emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water. | Emulsion Slurry Seal |
| A ____ ____ is composed of a light application of a medium-viscosity liquid asphalt covered with fine aggregates. | Sand Seal |
| Single-pass and multiple-pass surface treatments, sometimes called _________ _______ __________, are made up of alternate applications of asphalt and aggregate. | Aggregate Surface Treatments |
| A __________ _______ _________ is constructed by spraying on a layer of asphalt and covering it with a layer of aggregate approximately one stone in depth. | Single-Pass Surface Treatment |
| Consists of the demolition of old pavement, recrushing of the pavement material, and reusing it in new asphalt or concrete mixes. | Recycling |
| The __________ of a structure supports the weight of the structure and its applied loads. | Foundation |
| A ______ _______ is the simplest and probably the most common type of building foundation. They include individual footings, combined footings, and mat foundations. | Spread Footing |
| Consist of a heavily reinforced concrete slab extending under the entire structure, in order to spread the structure’s load over a large area. | Mat or Raft Foundations |
| A ________ __________ is a type of mat foundation in which the weight of the soil excavated approximately equals the weight of the structure being erected. | Floating Foundation |
| The process of improving soils in place is called? | Ground Modification or Soil Stabilization |
| A ____ is nothing more than a column driven into the soil to support a structure by transferring building loads to a deeper and stronger layer of soil or rock. | Pile |
| May be manufactured in almost any desired size or shape. | Precast Concrete Piles |
| Are constructed by driving a steel shell into the ground and then filling it with concrete. | Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles or Shell Piles |
| Are capable of supporting heavy loads, can be driven to great depth without damage, and are easily cut and spliced. | Steel Piles |
| Are piles made up of two or more different materials. | Composite Piles |
| They are a special form of cast-in-place concrete pile in which an enlarged base (or bulb) is formed during driving. | Bulb Piles |
| A ____ is simply a column, usually of reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface. | Pier |
| A _______ is a structure used to provide all-around lateral support to an excavation. Caissons may be either open or pneumatic. | Caisson |
| If the water pressure exactly equals soil weight, the soil will behave like a liquid and we have a condition called? | Liquefaction or Quicksand |
| If the water pressure is strong enough to move subsurface soil up through the bottom of the cut, this condition is called? | Boiling or Piping |
| Lateral support for the sides of an excavation is usually provided by? | Shoring |
| Is nothing more than sheeting placed horizontally. | Lagging |
| Is sheeting of concrete, steel, or timber that is designed to be driven by a pile driver. | Sheet Piling |
| Are used in place of shoring to protect workers during trenching operations. | Trench Shields or Trench Boxes |
| Is the process of removing water from an excavation. | Dewatering |
| The ease with which water flows through the soil, is primarily a function of a soil’s grain size distribution. | Soil Permeability |
| Technically, a _________ is the perforated assembly placed on the bottom of the inlet pipe for a well. | Wellpoint |
| Are wellpoints that are sealed at the surface by placing a ring of bentonite or clay around the well casing. | Vacuum Wells |
| Is the process of accelerating the flow of water through a soil by the application of a direct current. | Electroosmosis |
| Is the process of injecting a grouting agent into soil or rock to increase its strength or stability, protect foundations, or reduce groundwater flow. | Grouting or Pressure Grouting |
| Slabs may be supported directly by columns without the use of beams or joists. | Flat Slabs |
| Is concrete that has been cast into the desired shape prior to placement in a structure. | Precast Concrete |
| Is concrete to which an initial compression load has been applied. | Prestressed Concrete |
| Places the prestressing material (reinforcing steel or prestressing cables) under tension in the concrete form before the member is poured. | Pretensioning |
| Places the prestressing steel (usually placed inside a metal or plastic tube cast into the member) under tension after the concrete member has been erected. | Posttensioning |
| Is the process of removing air voids in concrete as it is placed. | Consolidation |
| Is the process of bringing the surface of concrete to its final position and imparting the desired surface texture. | Finishing |
| May be employed to reduce the amount of free water present in plastic concrete after the concrete has been placed and screeded. | Vacuum Dewatering |
| The five most common pattern bonds are the running bond, common bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and stack bond. | Masonry |
| Uses only stretcher courses with head joints centered over stretchers in the course below. | Running Bond |
| Uses a header course repeated at regular intervals; usually every fifth, sixth, or seventh course. | Common Bond |
| Alternates stretchers and headers in each course with headers centered over stretchers in the course below. | Flemish Bond |
| Is made up of alternate courses of headers and stretchers, with headers centered on stretchers. | English Bond |
| Provides no interlocking between adjacent masonry units and is used for its architectural effect. | Stack Bond |
| A ____ ____ is a continuously reinforced horizontal beam of concrete or masonry designed to provide additional strength and to prevent cracking in a masonry wall. | Bond Beam |
| In masonry walls are used to permit differential movement of wall sections caused by shrinkage of concrete foundations and floor slabs, temperature and moisture changes, and foundation settlement. | Expansion or Control Joints |
| Consists of layers of impervious material used to seal out moisture or to direct any moisture that does penetrate back to the outside. | Flashing |
| The ___ _____ is a graphical schedule relating progress of items of work to a time schedule. | Bar Graph or Bar Chart Schedule |
| In the _______________ format, each activity is represented by an arrow that has an associated description and expected duration. | Activity-On-Arrow |
| They do not represent any work and, hence, always have a duration of zero. | Dummy Activity |
| The earliest time at which each event may occur based on an arbitrary starting time of zero. | Early Event Time |
| That path through the network which establishes the minimum project duration is referred to as the ________ ____. | Critical Path |
| Is the amount of scheduling leeway available to an activity. | Float (Slack in PERT Terminology) |
| A simple form of the activity on-node diagram is the ______ _______, in which each activity is represented by a circle containing the activity description, an identifying number, and the activity duration. | Circle Diagram or Circle Notation |
| The __________ _______ is an extension of the activity-on node format that provides for incorporation of lag-time factors as well as permitting additional precedence relationships. | Precedence Diagram |
| When all activities are scheduled to start at the earliest allowable time, such a schedule is referred to as an? | Early Start Schedule |
| When all activities are started at their latest allowable starting time, a ____ _____ ________ is produced. | Late Start Schedule |
| Are fixed costs that are incurred each year whether the equipment is operated or not. | Owning Costs |
| Owning costs are made up of the following principal elements..... | • Depreciation • Investment (or Interest) Cost • Insurance Cost • Taxes • Storage Cost |
| Are incurred only when the equipment is used. | Operating Costs |
| Represents the decline in market value of an item of equipment due to age, wear, deterioration, and obsolescence. | Depreciation |
| Represents the annual cost (converted to an hourly cost) of the capital invested in a machine. | Investment Cost |
| Represents the cost of fire, theft, accident, and liability insurance for the equipment. | Insurance Cost |
| Represents the cost of property tax and licenses for the equipment. | Tax Cost |
| Represents the cost of rent and maintenance for equipment storage yards and facilities, the wages of guards and employees involved in handling equipment in and out of storage, and associated direct overhead. | Storage Cost |
| Is found as the sum of depreciation, investment, insurance, tax, and storage. | Total Equipment Owning Cost |
| Represents the cost of oil, hydraulic fluids, grease, and filters as well as the labor required to perform routine maintenance service. | Service Cost |
| Represents the cost of all equipment repair and maintenance. | Repair Cost |
| For a construction project includes cost estimating prior to bidding or negotiating a contract, forecasting project income and expenditure (or cash flow), and determining the amount of work that a construction firm can safely undertake at one time. | Financial Planning |
| Involves estimating the total cost to carry out a construction project in accordance with the plans and specifications. | Cost Estimating |
| Involves the measurement and recording of project costs and progress and a comparison between actual and planned performance. | Project Cost Control |
| The _____________ __ _ __________ is the determination that the contractor possesses both the technical and financial ability to perform the work required by the contract. | Qualification of a Contractor |
| Under this procedure only those contractors determined to be capable of performing are invited to submit bids for the project. | Prequalification |
| A ___ ____ guarantees that a contractor will provide the required performance and payment bonds if awarded the contract. | Bid Bond |
| A ___________ ____ guarantees completion of the project as described in the contract documents. | Performance Bond |
| A _______ ____ guarantees the payment of subcontractors, laborers, and suppliers by the contractor. | Payment Bond |
| Are contracts between a prime contractor and secondary contractors or suppliers. | Subcontracts |
| A __________ ________, is one negotiated between an owner and a construction firm. | Negotiated Contract |
| Provides a specified payment for completion of the work described in the contract documents. | Lump-Sum Contract |
| Specify the amount to be paid for each unit of work but not the total contract amount. | Unit-Price Contracts |
| Contain a provision whereby the contract value is adjusted according to a specified price index. | Fixed Price with Escalation Contracts |
| A ____ ____ __________ of cost contract pays the contractor a fee that is a percentage of the project’s actual cost. | Cost Plus Percentage |
| A construction contract consists of the following documents.... | • Agreement • Conditions of the Contract • Plans • Specifications |
| The _________ describes the work to be performed, the required completion time, contract sum, provisions for progress payments and final payment, and lists the other documents making up the complete contract. | Agreement |
| The _______ __________ contain those contract provisions applicable to most construction contracts written by the owner. | General Conditions |
| Contain any additional contract provisions applicable to the specific project. | Special Conditions |
| Is the analysis of a design with the objective of accomplishing the required function at a lower cost. | Value Engineering |
| The time allowed (expressed as either days allowed or as a required completion date) for completion of a construction project is normally specified in the contract along with the phrase “time is of the essence.” | Contract Time |
| A __________ _______ ______ in the contract may be used to simplify the process of establishing the amount of damages resulting from late completion. | Liquidated Damages Clause |
| Are drawings that show the location, dimensions, and details of the work to be performed. | Construction Plans |
| Provide the detailed requirements for the materials, equipment, and workmanship to be incorporated into the project. | Construction Technical Specifications |
| Are drawings, charts, and other data prepared by a contractor or supplier which describe the detailed characteristics of equipment or show how specific structural elements or items of equipment are to be fabricated and installed. | Shop Drawings |
| Are made at the interval specified in the contract, usually monthly or upon completion of certain milestones. | Progress Payments |
| It is customary to withhold a percentage of the value of work completed as a guarantee against defective work and to ensure that the remaining work can be completed within the unpaid amount of the contract. The amount withheld is referred to as? | Retainage or Retention |
| The usual construction contract contains a clause authorizing the owner or owner’s representative to order changes to the project within the general scope of the contract. The document directing such a change is referred to as a? | Change Order |
| It will be found that changes or delay in one activity will necessitate changes in resource allocation or progress on other activities that result in additional project cost. These costs are sometimes referred to as? | Consequential Costs |
| Delays in the orderly progress of a construction project may result from a multitude of causes. The three general categories of delay include... | • Those Beyond the Control of Either the Contractor or the Owner • Those Under the Control of the Owner • Those Under the Control of the Contractor |
| The list of deficiencies to be corrected which is prepared at the final inspection is sometimes referred to as the? | Punch List of Record |
| A _____ is a request by the contractor for a time extension or for additional payment based on the occurrence of an event beyond the contractor’s control that has not been covered by a change order. | Claim |
| Are disagreements between the contractor and owner over some aspect of contract performance. | Disputes |
| Construction documents that “show in graphic and quantitative form the extent, design location, relationships, and dimensions of the work to be done." | Drawings |
| A _______ ______ is a single volume that contains all written requirements for a building construction project. | Project Manual |
| Constitute that portion of the written requirements for a building construction project that are contained in the divisions of a project manual. | Specifications |
| Presents a database for all the various disciplines involved in a project and relates those data to each other and to the project as a whole to present an overall view of the project. | Building Information Modeling (BIM) |
| Is a process whereby a prime design professional engaged by an owner, and the design professional's consultants, prepare bidding documents and issue them to a group of constructors. | Bidding |
| Is a process whereby an architect engaged by an owner, and the architect's consultants, prepare negotiation documents. | Negotiation |
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