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Vocab Ch.13

Honors Biology Ch.13 Vocab

QuestionAnswer
Antiparallel Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' to 3' directions).
bacteriophage A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage
chromatin The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
DNA ligase A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3′ end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5′ end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain)
DNA polymerase An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of an existing chain.
DNA replication The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis.
double helix The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.
helicase An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands
lagging strand A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.
leading strand The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.
mismatch repair The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides
nuclease An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides.
nucleoid A non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located.
nucleotide excision repair A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.
okazaki fragment A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication
phage A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.
primase An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template.
primer A short polynucleotide with a free 3′ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
replication fork A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.
semiconservative model Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand.
single-strand binding protein A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.
telomerase An enzyme in cells that helps keep them alive by adding DNA to telomeres (the ends of chromosomes).
telomere The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome’s DNA molecule
topoisomerase any of a class of enzymes that reduce supercoiling in DNA by breaking and rejoining one or both strands of the DNA molecule
transformation The process by which a cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the division of cancer cells.
virus An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.
origin of replication Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Created by: nevaehfaith
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