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unit 6 bio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| replication | Process where DNA strands are copied so that new cells receive identical DNA, |
| Leading strand | new DNA strand that is built continuously towards the replication fork |
| lagging strand | new DNA strand that is built in fragments (Okazaki fragments) away from the replication fork |
| Ligase | enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments with covalent bonds between the sugars and phosphates |
| dna nucleotide | adds nucleotides to synthesize the new DNA strand |
| transcription | Process where DNA is read so that mRNA can be built |
| how is dna read | 3’ to 5’ |
| how is mrna built | 5’ to 3’ |
| rna polymerase joins with | DNA to read the DNA sequence of one strand and build the mRNA |
| what does A pair with in rna | U |
| what does c pair with in dna/rna | G |
| what does T pair with in dna | A |
| introns | do not code for proteins; always removed from pre-mRNA before it leaves the nucleus |
| extons | remain in mRNA (sometimes some exons can be removed to be able to make different proteins from the same gene) |
| translation | Process where mRNA is read so that proteins can be built |
| what delivers amino acids to the ribosomes | tRNA |
| how do prokaryotes translate mrna | as it is being made, so there are no introns being removed |
| what causes mutations | errors in replication, but can also be caused by viruses, radiation, and chemicals |
| point / substitution mutation | a new protein if the base change in the DNA results in an mRNA codon that codes for a new amino acid |
| silent mutation | amino acids have multiple codons, so a change in one base may not change the amino acid |
| Prokaryotic operons have four important regions | regulator gene, the promoter, the operator, & structural genes |
| what produces repressors proteins (pro) | regulator gene |
| where does the rna polymerase bind (pro) | promoter |
| repressor protein binds (pro) | operator |
| activated to produce proteins that the cell needs to function | structural genes |
| Operons allow prokaryotes to | regulate when their proteins are being made |
| Repressor proteins that are active will match | the shape of the operator, bind to it, and turn the genes off |
| Repressor proteins that are inactive will not match | the operator’s shape, not bind to it, and the genes will be on |
| Molecules binding to the repressor protein will activate the repressor if it is | inactive |
| Molecules binding to the repressor protein will inactivate the repressor if it is | active |
| regulatory regions (euk) | where the activator proteins bind |
| a gene (euk) | which is activated to produce a protein that the cell needs to function |
| Different types of cells express different genes due to | different activator proteins being present |
| If the activator protein is not present | the gene will not be expressed |
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