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exam 2 study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| χ² = ∑ (O-E)²/E | used to find genotype frequencies. O=observed, E=expected (if the expected value is less than 5.99 its HWE |
| R = S x h² | predicts evolution. R= evolutionary response, S= strength of selection, H= heritability of trait |
| R = ∑ lx • mx | to measure net replacement. Lx= survivorship, Mx= fecundity |
| Nt+1 = Nt + B – D = Nt + bNt – dNt | to measure population growth. Nt+1 = population size one step past (t), Nt= population size at time (t), B=births, D=deaths, bNt= per capita birth rate, dNt= per capita death rate |
| ΔN/Δt = rN or Nt+1 = Nt + rNt | to measure population per change in time. rN= per capita rate of increase, Nt=present population size, rNt= number added by growth |
| ΔN/Δt = rmax N (1-(N/K)) or Nt+1 = Nt + rmax (1-(Nt/K)) Nt | to measure change in population per change in time. rmaxN= how fast could population grow (early growth), N=K at extreme carrying capacity. N=0 when small population can grow rMax |
| Biodiversity | the variety of life in an ecosystem or habitat |
| species diversity | diversity of species in a given location |
| ecosystem diversity | diversity of biological communities and the physical conditions they depend on |
| endemic | a species that can only exist in a certain place |
| conservation biology | the study of conservation of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species and their habitat |
| fragmentation | when a habitat is broken up because of human development (ex: roads/highways, housing developments, etc.) |
| invasive species | species that are not native to an area but are introduced and cause damage to the ecosystem |
| biodiversity hotspot | places where there is a lot of biodiversity. |
| conservation hotspot | places where there is a lot of conservation happening there |
| Population | a group of individuals of one species potentially interacting in a specified area that persist through time |
| Evolution | the process by which species adapt overtime in response to their changing environment |
| quantitative trait | based on alleles at multiple loci. although alleles are discrete, variation is continuous |
| polygenic trait | (multilocus) depends on more than one gene |
| phenotypic variation | can be discrete or continuous |
| genetic variation | it is heritable. essential for adaptive evolution |
| phenotypic plasticity | a response to the conditions it lives in (leased grow larger in shade than the sun to collect more light) |
| heritability | the ability for a trait to be passed from one generation to the next |
| natural selection | when survival/reproduction with relation to a trait is non-random |
| strength of selection | determines whether genetic correlations are mostly explained by mutation (under weak selection) or by a compromise between mutation and selection (under strong selection) |
| response to selection | change in the next generation |
| Fitness | the ability to survive to reproductive age, find a mate, and produce offspring |
| allele frequencies | how common an allele is in a population |
| genotype frequencies | the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in a population |
| gene pool | the stock of different genes in a population |
| hardy- weinberg equalibrium | a null model of what is expected in the absence of the 5 processes (mutation, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating) p² +2pq+q²=1 |
| mutation | the process that introduces new alleles. can increase diversity within populations and can increase diversity within a population and can increase diversity between populations |
| migration (gene flow) | introduces new alleles by having organisms pass between populations. increases diversity within a population and decreases diversity between populations. |
| genetic drift | when change in allele frequency is based purely on chance. differential survival is unrelated to trait of interest. random loss of alleles causes a decrease in diversity within population and an increase in diversity between populations |
| sampling error | random difference between expected (alleles will be included according to their proportion) and observed (by chance only some are included) |
| fixation | when a populations becomes completely homozygous |
| founder effect | sampling anomaly "in space" |
| bottleneck | sampling anomaly in time |
| random mating | when mating is done randomly not based on who is best fit |
| assortative mating | an example is non-random mating. where alleles are not paired randomly and not in HWE |
| inbreeding | when a species reproduces with members related to. likely in small populations |
| inbreeding depression | leads to heterozygosity. greater homozygosity leads to decreased fitness |
| heterozygosity | having two different alleles for a particular trait |
| allee effect | small population, reproduction fails because mates can't find each other |
| environmental stochasticity | set of environmental factors that make populations vulnerable |
| population dynamics | the variation in time and space of population size and density for one or more species |
| birth | processes of bearing new offspring |
| death | when an organism stops living |
| immigration | when more organisms of the same species enter a population |
| emigration | when more organisms from the same species leave a population |
| intrinsic effects | things that increase populations (birth and immigration) |
| exponential growth | J-shaped curve, density independent effects, abiotic limiting factors, selection for "r" (rapid reproduction) |
| carrying capacity | the maximum amount of a species an area can sustain (k) |
| density dependent | the factors that lead to a population not being able to sustain itself in an area (amount of available food, space) |
| density independent | an event that comes in that knocks down a population that is independent of population density (flooding, fire, hurricanes) |
| logistic growth | S-shaped curve, density dependent effects, biotic limiting factors, selection for "k" (ability to maintain conditions near carrying capacity) |
| intrinsic rate of increase | Nt+1= B-D +I-E |
| age structure | the composition of a population in terms of the proportion of individuals different ages |
| age class | a model used to show the distribution of age in a population |
| survivorship | preparation of original cohort survival to start of age X |
| survivorship curve | how d(probability of death) changes with age. Type 1: D is high in old age (generally K-selected). Type 2: D is relatively constant. Type 3: D is high early in life (generally r-selected) |
| fecundity | average # of female offspring per female in age group X |
| life table | summary of age-specific birth and death |
| life history | how resources are allocated |
| allocation | how much energy an organism puts into growth, maintenance (survival), and reproduction |
| trade-off | how much does an organism produce (at a cost to maintenance/survival) when does an organism first produce (at a cost to investment in growth) |
| dispersal | the movement of an individual or multiple individuals from the population where they were both born to another location |
| metapopulation | a set of local populations within some larger area, where migration from one population to another is possible |
| rescue effect | less isolated patches are unlikely to go extinct because recolonization may occur between breeding seasons |
| population viability analysis | the risk of wildlife population decline or extinction under current conditions, or under future conditions |
| genetic diversity | diversity of genetic information harbored within a population |
| discrete phenotype variation | qualitative trait that can be codominant (blood type/ sickle cell) or dominant (mendel peas seed) and are often based on possession of a particular allele at a single locus (gene) |
| continuous phenotype variation | quantitative trait based on alleles with multiple loci. Although alleles are discrete, variation is continuous. (height/skin color) they depend on more than one gene |
| demographic stochasticity | year to year random number of population (sampling errror) |
Created by:
bradleyb3
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