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Bio Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biotechnology | the use of technology to modify organisms, cells, and their molecules to achieve practical benefits |
| restriction enzyme | an enzyme capable of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of DNA |
| plasmid | circular piece of DNA that can be incorporated in a bacterium's genome |
| polymerase chain reaction | a laboratory technique that allows a tiny piece of DNA to be duplicated repeatedly |
| genetic engineering | the manipulation of a species' genome in ways that do not normally occur in nature |
| 4 processes commonly used in biotechnology | chop, amplify, insert, grow |
| chop | chop up the DNA from a donor organism that exhibits the trait of interest |
| amplify | amplify the small amount of DNA into larger quantities |
| insert | insert pieces of DNA into bacterial cells or viruses |
| grow | grow separate colonies of the bacteria or viruses, each of which contains a different inserted piece of donor DNA |
| 3 steps of PCR | denaturation, annealing, elongation |
| denaturation | temperature raised, causing the DNA strand to separate |
| annealing | temperature lowered, primers attach to target sequence of DNA |
| elongation | DNA polymerase (Taq) adds nucleotides to the primers and builds sequences complementary to the target sequence |
| CRISPR | system for editing DNA with precision and efficiency, enabling resources to modify almost any gene in any organism |
| Cas9 | enzyme that cuts double-stranded DNA |
| RNA guide | binds to complementary DNA and shows Cas9 exactly where to cut |
| golden rice | rice with a beta-carotene producing gene from daffodils |
| 2 factors driving adoption of modified crops | plants with insecticides engineered into them, plants with herbicide-resistant genes engineers into them |
| percent of GMO corn in US | 92% |
| percent of GMO cotton in US | 94% |
| percent of GMO soybeans in the US | 94% |
| Bt corn | engineered to contain spores of a bacterium that kills pests but does not harm humans |
| GMO Atlantic salmon | carries a growth hormone gene that allows it to grow year-round rather than only in summer |
| concerns about GMOs | loss of genetic diversity, hidden costs, not tested/regulated enough, organisms may become "invincible" |
| drugs produced using biotechnology | insulin, growth hormone, erythropoietin |
| short tandem repeat | sequences DNA that repeat many times, used in DNA fingerprinting because they occur in highly variable regions of DNA |
| allele | alternative form of a gene |
| heredity | the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring through their genes |
| single-gene trait | determined by instructions on only one gene |
| phenotype | outward appearance |
| genotype | genetic composition |
| carrier | an individual who carries one allele for a recessive trait and does not exhibit the trait |
| test-cross | breeding a homozygous recessive individual with individuals of an unknown genotype |
| features critical to Mendel's success | good organism, easily categorized traits, true-breeding plants |
| incomplete dominance | the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the 2 homozygotes |
| incomplete dominance example | snapdragons |
| co-dominance | a heterozygous individual shows features of both homozygotes |
| co-dominance example | blood type |
| polygenic | influenced by many different genes |
| polygenic trait example | human height |
| pleiotropy | one gene influences multiple, unrelated traits |
| pleiotropy example | sickle cell |
| antibody | immune system molecules in the bloodstream that attacks foreign invaders (cells with a different antigen) |
| antigen | signposts indicating a cell belongs in the body |
| universal donor | o |
| universal receiver | ab |
| sex-linked traits | carried on X chromosome, females need both x to carry the gene to express it |
| environment impacts genes | PKU, limit phenylalanine consumption |
| evolution | a change in allele frequencies found in a population over time |
| fruit fly experiment | starve fruit flies until 20% remain, give them food to multiply, repeat |
| Darwin's observations on the HS Beagle | different island species resembled the mainland species, similarities between fossils of extinct species and the living species in the same area |
| populations, not individuals, evolve | true |
| 4 evolutionary mechanisms | mutation, genetic drift, migration, natural selection |
| mutation | alteration in the base-pair DNA sequence of an individual's gamete-producing cells changes in an allele's frequency |
| genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies unrelated to any allele's influence on reproductive success |
| migration | individuals moving into or out of a population causes a change in allele frequencies |
| natural selection | individuals with one version of a heritable trait have greater reproductive success others with a different version of that trait, leading to a change in allele frequencies |
| ultimate source of genetic variation in a population | mutation |
| fixation of an allele | an allele's frequency in a population reaches 100% |
| founder effect | individuals with different allele frequencies than the original population leave and found a new, isolated population |
| founder effect example | founding members of an Amish community in Pennsylvania had polydactyly, which is now unusually common in that community |
| population bottleneck | a sudden reduction in population size leads to a change in allele frequencies |
| population bottleneck example | all cheetahs today are descended from only a dozen cheetahs who survived the ice age 10,000 years ago |
| 3 conditions necessary for natural selection | variation, heritable trait, differential reproductive success |
| sexual selection | when natural selection favors traits that give individuals an advantage in attracting a mate to reproduce |
| adaptation | organisms become better matched to their environment, the features that make an organism more fit |
| fitness | the reproductive output of an individual with a particular phenotype relative to to individuals with alternative phenotypes |
| directional selection | individuals with one extreme from the range of variation in the population have higher fitness |
| stabilizing selection | individuals with intermediate phenotypes are most fit |
| disruptive selection | individuals with intermediate phenotypes have the lowest fitness |
| directional selection example | farmers selecting for turkey breast |
| stabilizing selection example | birth weight |
| disruptive selection example | fish size |
| species | a natural population of organisms that can interbreed with each other and not with other species |
Created by:
dylanhemedinger
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