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Science Vocab #4
Genetics Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another |
| Trait | a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person. |
| Genetics | the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics |
| Fertilization | the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote |
| Purebred | bred from members of a recognized breed, strain, or kind without admixture of other blood over many generations |
| Gene | The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child |
| Allele | One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome |
| Dominant allele | the relationship between two versions of a gene |
| Recessive allele | does not produce a trait at all when only one copy is present |
| Hybrid | An individual formed by mating between unlike forms, usually genetically differentiated populations or species |
| Punnett square | A tool for showing possible alleles of offspring in a test cross |
| Phenotype | The observable characteristics in an individual resulting from the expression of genes |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| Homozygous | he presence of two identical alleles at a particular gene locus |
| Heterozygous | having different alleles for a particular trait |
| Incomplete dominance | a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype |
| Codominance | a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual |
| Multiple alleles | he alternative forms of the same gene so they influence the same trait |
| Polygenic inheritance | the inheritance of a trait governed by more than one genes |
| Messenger RNA | A type of RNA found in cells |
| Transfer RNA | a small RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis. |
| Mutation | a change in the DNA sequence of an organism |
| Sex chromosomes | a type of chromosome involved in sex determination. |
| Sex-linked gene | characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosome |
| Carrier | a person who has one copy of a mutated (changed) disease-causing gene but has no symptoms or mild symptoms. |
| Genetic disorder | a disease caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence |
| Pedigree | shows relationships between family members and indicates which individuals have certain genetic pathogenic variants, traits, and diseases |
| Karyotype | an individual's complete set of chromosomes |
| Selective breeding | choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics |
| Inbreeding | the mating of organisms more closely related than the average relationship within the breed or population concerned |
| Hybridization | the process in which two complementary single-stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules bond together to form a double-stranded molecule |
| Clone | the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism |
| Genetic engineering | Manipulation of an organism's genes by introducing, eliminating or rearranging specific genes using the methods of modern molecular biology, |
| Gene therepy | a technique that modifies a person's genes to treat or cure disease |
| Genome | The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism |
| Ethics | The philosophy or code pertaining to what is ideal in human character and conduct |
| Meiosis | A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis) |
| Zygote | fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm) |
| Protein Synthesis | the creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA, and various enzymes |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | Having to do with any of the 22 numbered pairs of chromosomes found in most human cells |
| Gametes | a reproductive cell of an animal or plant |
Created by:
Corrin Snow Burrell
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