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Chapter 17 APES
Human Health and Environmental risks
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Disease | Any impaired function of the body with a characteristics set of symptoms. |
| Infectious disease | A disease caused by a pathogen. |
| Acute disease | A disease that rapidly impairs the functioning of an organism. |
| Chronic disease | A disease that slowly impairs functioning of an organism. |
| Epidemic | A situation in which a pathogen causes a rapid increase in disease. |
| Pandemic | An epidemic that occurs over a large geographic region. |
| Plague | An infectious disease caused by the bacterium (Yersinia pestis), carried by fleas. |
| Malaria | An infectious disease caused by one of several species of protists in the genus (Plasmodium). |
| Tuberculosis | Bacterial infection of the lungs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
| Emergent infectious disease | Infectious disease that has not been previously described or common for at least 20 years. |
| AIDS | an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
| HIV | a virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome. |
| Ebola | an infectious disease with high death rates, caused by the Ebola virus |
| Mad cow disease | a disease in which prions mutate into deadly pathogens and slowly damage a cow's nervous system |
| Prion | a small, beneficial protein that occasionally mutates into a pathogen. |
| Swine flu | A type of flu caused by the H1N1 virus. |
| Bird flu | A type of flu caused by the H5N1 virus. |
| SARS | A type of flu caused by a coronavirus. |
| West Nile virus | Lives in hundreds of species of birds and is transmitted among birds by mosquitoes. |
| Lyme disease | A disease caused by a bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) that is transmitted by ticks. |
| Zika virus disease | A disease caused by a pathogen that causes fetuses to be born with unusually small heads and damaged brains. |
| Neurotoxin | a chemical that disrupts the nervous systems of animals |
| Carcinogen | chemicals that cause cancer |
| Mutagen | carcinogens that cause damage to the genetic material of a cell |
| Teratogen | chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses |
| Allergen | a chemical that causes allergic reactions. |
| Endocrine disruptor | chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal's body. |
| Dose-response study | a study that exposes organisms to different amounts of a chemical and then observes a variety of possible responses, including mortality or changes in behavior or reproduction |
| Acute study | an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a short duration |
| Chronic study | an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a long duration |
| LD50 | The lethal dose of a chemical that kills 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response study. |
| Sublethal effect | the effects of an environmental hazard that are not lethal, but which may impair an organism's behavior, physiology, or reproduction |
| ED50 | The effective dose of a chemical that causes 50 percent of the individuals in a dose-response study to display a harmful, but nonlethal, effect. |
| No-observed-effect level | The No-Observed-Effect Level is the highest dose at which there is no observed effect in a test population. |
| Retrospective study | a study that monitors people who have been exposed to an environmental hazard at some time in the past |
| Prospective study | a study that monitors people who might become exposed to harmful chemicals in the future |
| Synergistic interaction | risks that cause more harm together than expected based on separate individual risks |
| Route of exposure | the way in which an individual might come into contact with an environmental hazard |
| Solubility | how well a chemical dissolves in a liquid. |
| Bioaccumulation | the accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism |
| Biomagnification | the increase in chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain |
| Persistence | the length of time a chemical remains in the environment |
| Environmental hazard | anything in the environment that can potentially cause harm |
| Innocent-until-proven-guilty principle | based on the philosophy that a potential hazard should not be considered a hazard until the scientific data can definitively demonstrate that a potential hazard actually causes harm |
| Precautionary principle | A principle based on the belief that action should be taken against a plausible environmental hazard. |
| Stockholm Convention | a group of 127 nations gathered in Stockholm, Sweden to reach an agreement on restricting the global use of some chemicals |
| REACH | A 2007 agreement...registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals. |
Created by:
environmentalgirl
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