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BIOL - chapter 31
Fungi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fungi are most closely related to | animals. |
| Select the four traditional fungal phyla. | Zygomycota Chytridiomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota |
| Which fungal phyla belong to the subdivision of the "chytrids"? | Neocallimastigomycota Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota |
| Within the Kingdom Fungi, there are now | 6 widely recognized monophyletic groups. |
| What are fungal filaments called? | Hyphae |
| Which are the features of fungi? | Can exist as single cells or multicellular forms. They are more closely related to animals than to plants. They secrete enzymes to acquire nutrients. |
| Traditionally, fungi were divided into four phyla based primarily on which characteristic? | Meiosis |
| The traditionally recognized 4 fungal phyla were recognized primarily based on characteristics of | cells undergoing meiosis. |
| Monophyletic groups of fungi include | Blastocladiomycota. Neocallimastigomycota. Glomeromycota. |
| A mycelium is composed of filaments called | hyphae |
| What are fungal septa? | Walls that form between the cells of certain fungal hyphae. |
| The main body of a multicellular fungus is called a(n) | mycelium |
| Two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and fuse during _____ reproduction in fungi. | sexual |
| A dikaryon stage can last for most of the life cycle in these fungi. | Basidiomycetes |
| The four general types of reproductive structures formed by fungi are: motile zoospores, zygosporangia, _______, and ______ | basidia and asci |
| Small cross walls between individual fungal cells of ascomycete and basidiomycete hyphae are known as | septa |
| A mass of connected hyphae is called a(n) | mycelium |
| In order for sexual reproduction to occur in a fungus, two compatible _____ types combine to trigger the formation of structures for sexual reproduction. | mating |
| Dikaryons are formed during the life cycle of these fungi: basidiomycetes and | ascomycetes |
| What prevents the hyphae that are forming reproductive structures from exhibiting cytoplasmic streaming? | Septa |
| What are fungal septa? | Walls that form between the cells of certain fungal hyphae. |
| Since fungi are heterotrophs, they are incapable of | synthesizing essential organic molecules. |
| Which term describes all fungi? | Heterotrophic |
| While some fungi are decomposers, other fungi are _____ and invade the living cells of their hosts. | parasites |
| An organism that gains resources from its host (thereby having a negative effect) but does not cause disease (except in some extreme cases) is called a(n) | parasite |
| If a symbiotic fungus can survive without its host, this relationship is described as a(n) | facultative |
| What are mycorrhizae? | Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants |
| This type of mycorrhizae grows on the surfaces of tree roots and in the spaces between root cells. | Ectomycorrhizae |
| Fungi that are decomposers obtain nutrients from | dead plants and animals. |
| The symbiosis involving plant roots and glomeromycete fungal hyphae that penetrate the root cell walls is known as | arbuscular |
| An organism that gains resources from its host and causes disease is called which of the following? | pathogen |
| If a symbiosis is essential for survival, it is described as a(n) _____ symbiosis | obligate |
| Mutualistic associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants are known as | mycorrhizae |
| Which of the following has hyphae that penetrate the outer cells of the plant root, forming distinct structures, such as minute branches? | Arbuscular mycorrhizae |
| Arbuscular mycorrhizae are composed of plant roots and | Glomeromycete fungi. |
| How does this basidiomycete life cycle differ from that of an ascomycete? | Sexual spores are on sterigma. |
| The basidiomycete mycelium composed of monokaryotic hyphae is called the _____ mycelium, while that containing dikaryotic hyphae is called the _____ mycelium | primary and secondary |
| Sexual reproduction in club fungi occurs through fusion of which of the following? | Hyphae |
| In the basidiomycetes, sexual spores are called | basidiospores |
| The ____ mycelium of basidiomycetes is heterokaryotic. | secondary |
| How does the primary mycelium in Basidiomycota differ from that of the secondary mycelium? | The primary mycelium is made up of monokaryotic hyphae, while the secondary mycelium is composed of dikaryotic hyphae. |
| Put the steps of basidiomycete sexual reproduction in order. Start with the mating of compatible hyphae at the top. | Compatible hyphae mate and a dikaryotic mycelium is found basidia form in the basidiocarp nuceli in basidia fuse by karyogamy meiosis occurs basidiospores are formed and released |
| During sexual reproduction, a hyphal branch from one mycelium fuses with a hyphal branch of a different mycelium of the same species with a compatible | mating type. |
| Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes involves the production of | haploid spores within an ascus. |
| Match the basidiomycete cell type with the karyotype. Unfused Hyphae Fused Hyphae Basidia | Haploid Dikaryotic Dikaryotic then Diploid |
| The most important yeast in baking, brewing, and wine making is _____ cerevisiae. | Saccharomyces |
| The glomeromycetes form intracellular associations with plant roots, called _____ mycorrhizae | arbuscular |
| Glomeromycetes cannot survive in the absence of a host | plant |
| In ascomycetes, sexual reproduction occurs within a microscopic, saclike structure called the | ascus |
| Which fungus is the most important yeast in baking, brewing, and wine making? | Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| Arbuscular mycorrhizae are intracellular associations between which of the following? | Glomeromycetes and plant roots |
| What is the relationship between plants and glomeromycetes? | It is a mutualistic relationship: the fungus provides mineral nutrients, while the plant provided carbohydrates. |
| During sexual reproduction, the nuclei of gametes fuse in a process known as | karyogamy |
| What fungal group produces flagellated spores? | Chytrids |
| The chytrid Batrachochytrium _____ may have contributed to a die-off of amphibians. | dendrobatidis |
| The fusion of the nuclei of two gametes is called | karyogamy |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of microsporidia? | They parasitize animal cells. |
| What are zoospores? | Flagellated asexual spores |
| Chytrids are commonly found in | aquatic, marine, and terrestrial environments. |
| The parasitic fungi, microsporidia were thought to be ____ because of the absence of mitochondria. | protists |
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3ugarciara
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