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Chapter 5
Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the functions of the skin? | protection regulate body temperature sensation reception synthesis of vitamin D blood reservoir |
| what does the skin protect against? | bacteria chemicals UV physical abrasion |
| How does skin regulate body temperature? | through sweat glands |
| how does sensation reception work? | nerve receptors supply information about the environment |
| where does the skin get vitamin D to synthesis? | from cholesterol |
| how much of the total blood volume is in the skin? | 8 to 10 percent |
| What are the two principle layers of the skin? | epidermis dermis |
| what is the epidermis? | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| what is the dermis? | irregular dense connective tissue |
| what are the 5 layers of the epidermis | stratum basale - cell division stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum - fingertips, palms, and soles stratum corneum |
| what are the 2 layers of dermis? | papillary layer reticular layer |
| describe the papillary layer | it projects into the epidermis and produces fingertips |
| what produces lines of cleavage in the reticular layer of skin? | predominant orientation of collagen produces lines of cleavage |
| what happens when you stretch the collagen in the reticular layer? | stretching collagen can tear it resulting in silver, white scars which shows thru epidermis as stretch marks |
| what does the dermis contain? | blood vessels sweat glands nerve endings hair follicles sebaceous glands arrector pili muscle |
| what do blood vessels do? | supplies nutrients to epidermis |
| what kind of nerve endings are in the dermis? | pain, Meissner's, and Pacinian |
| follicle means..... | sac |
| hair is ______ cells ________ together | hair is keratinized cells cemented together |
| sebaceous means..... | oil |
| what is leather? | dermis only |
| what is the subcutaneous layer also called? | hypodermis it is below the skin but not considered part of the skin |
| what is the subcutaneous layer made of? | made of areolar connective tissue and adipose (1/2 of fat reserve located here) |
| where is 1/2 the fat reserve located? | in the subcutaneous layer |
| what is dermatology? | the branch of medicine that specializes with diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders |
| what is an endocrine gland? | ductless gland |
| what does an endocrine gland do | secretes hormones into interstitial fluid then picked up by blood vessels |
| what is an exocrine gland? | has ducts |
| what are the 3 types of exocrine glands | merocrine apocrine bolocrine |
| describe merocrine glands and give examples | watery secretion released by exocytosis saliva sweat |
| describe apocrine glands and give examples | a portion of the glandular cell pinches off to become a part of the secretion mammary glands apocrine sweat glands ceruminous glands |
| describe holocrine glands and give examples | whole cell becomes the secretion sebaceous gland |
| eccrine of merocrine type of sweat gland function in... | temperature regulation |
| apocine in axillary and anogenital areas are.... | scent glands due to action of bacteria on rich secretions from glands |
| ceruminous glands.... | secrete earwax |
| mammary glands..... | secrete milk |
| what is melanin | brown pigment produced by melanocytes |
| what is carotene | yellow-orange pigment found in stratum corneum and subcutaneous layer |
| what 3 things contribute to skin color? | melanin carotene hemoglobin from red blood cells |
| skin cancer is generally due to..... | overexposure of skin to UV which causes pyrimidine dimers |
| carcinoma | cancer of epithelium |
| what is the most common skin cancer | carcinoma |
| sarcoma | cancer of the connective tissue |
| what makes up 78% of all skin cancers | BCC Basal cell carcinoma |
| how does basal cell carcinoma work | it arises from abnormal growth of stratum basale in which cells lack ability to produce keratin and generally does not metastazie |
| what does metastasize mean? | spread via blood vessels and lymph to other tissues |
| what makes up 20% of all skin cancers? | squamous cell carcinoma SCC |
| describe squamous cell carcinoma | arises from stratum spinosum and may metastasize |
| what makes up about 3% of all skin cancers and is most dangerous | malignant melanoma |
| what is a mole? | mole=nevus=nest of melanocytes but is benign |
| how does malignant melanoma work? | it metastasizes rapidly and can kill within months arises from melanocytes of preexisting moles |
| what causes burns? | caused by hear, chemicals, electrical, radioactivity |
| how are burns classified? | by depth of burn |
| describe a 1st degree burn | involves only epidermis blood vessels in dermis dilate causing edema and redness heal in 2 to 3 days no scarring, no blisters, but tender |
| describe a 2nd degree burn | damage to both epidermis and varying depths of dermis blisters pain epidermis regenerates from edge of burn epithelium from hair follicle and sweat glands usually take 2/3 weeks to heal and may scar critical if 30% of surface is burned |
| what is a blister? | tissue fluid accumulates between epidermis and dermis |
| describe a 3rd degree burn | epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, sweat glands, pain receptors, subcutaneous layer all destroyed painless but life threatening because of fluid loss and bacterial infections skin regenerated only from edges, skin grafts may be necessary |
| describe a 4th degree burn | destroys muscle |
| what does heat do in a burn? | heat melts collagen and denatures proteins |
| when does inflammation occur? | when tissues are damaged |
| what is inflammation? | vascular and cellular response in preparation for tissue repair |
| what happens during inflammation? | mobilizes bodys defenses isolates and destroys microorganisms removes damaged cells so repair can proceed |
| what are the 4 major symptoms of inflammation | redness heat swelling - edema pain |
| what are the 3 stages of tissue damage and repair | -inflammation -phagocytosis -scar formation |
| what are the two chemical mediators of inflammation released or activated by damaged tissues | histamines prostaglandins |
| where are histamines from | mast cells |
| where are prostaglandins from | damaged cells |
| that are the actions of histamines and prostaglandins? | vasodilation of blood vessels stimulate pain receptors increases permeability of vessels |
| what is vasodiliation of blood vessels? | produces redness and heat which increases speed by which blood and other substances used for fighting infection are brought to site of injury |
| what stimulates pain receptors? | mostly prostaglandins |
| what happens when histamines/prostaglandins increase permeability of vessels? | so products of blood can deal with injury, as proteins leave blood, water follows by osmosis and tissue swells |
| why does a blood clot form? | it forms during inflammation to wall off site of injury from rest of body |
| what is a blood clot made of? | clot is formed from the protein, fibrin, which comes from blood, surface of clot forms the scab |
| what two major steps happen in phagocytosis? | neutrophils arrive macrophages remove dead neutrophils and cellular debris |
| what happens when neutrophils arrive during phagocytosis | injured tissue and bacteria release chemicals that attract white blood cells to area they ingest bacteria and cellular debris neutrophils killed in process and accumulates as a mixture of dead cells and fluid (pus) |
| what is pus? | dead cells, neutrophils, and fluid |
| where are macrophages from? | monocytes |
| what happens during scar formation? | fibroblasts migrate to the clot along the fibrin threads @ synthesize scare tissue damaged blood vessels begin to regrow extensive growth of epithelial cells under scab occurs ephithelium cells from sides of wound migrate beneath scab meet and cover wo |
| what happens when epidermis is restored to normal thickness? | scab sloughs off collagen fibers become more organized and fibrin clot is decomposed and removed |
| what is a scar? | collagen is denser than normal |
Created by:
mastrgurl
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