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Muscular System
Muscular System - WHS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| striated | striped or banded in appearance |
| intercalated disk | connection of branched cardiac muscle fibers |
| excitability | ability to respond to stimuli |
| contractility | ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated |
| extensibility | ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability to return to its original length |
| myofibril | a series of sarcomeres |
| fascicle | bundle of muscle fibers |
| sarcomere | basic contractile unit of striated muscle |
| actin | thin contractile protein of muscle |
| myosin | thick contractile protein of muscle |
| epimysium | connective tissue covering entire muscle |
| perimysium | connective tissue surrounding a fascicle |
| endomysium | connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber |
| insertion | moveable end of a muscle |
| origin | stationary attachment of muscle that does not move |
| tendon | strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
| sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of a striated muscle fiber |
| sarcolemma | cell membrane of a muscle fiber |
| sliding filament theory | theory that actin filaments slide toward each other during muscle contraction, while the myosin filaments are still |
| rigor mortis | stiffness or rigidity of skeletal muscles that occurs after death |
| motor unit | motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates |
| neuromuscular junction | connection between the motor neuron and muscle fiber |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction |
| action potential | a neural impulse |
| muscle tone | state of partial contraction of a muscle that helps to maintain posture |
| atrophy | weakening or degeneration of muscle, especially through lack of use |
| twitch | single, short contraction involving only a few motor units |
| tetanus | sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of nerve impulses |
| isotonic contraction | muscle contraction in which the muscle changes length |
| concentric contraction | type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle shortening |
| eccentric contraction | type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle lengthening |
| isometric contraction | muscle contraction in which muscle length does not change |
| agonist | muscle that contracts while another relaxes |
| prime mover | main muscle responsible for a particular movement |
| antagonist | muscle that relaxes while another contracts |
| synergist | muscle that assists the action of the agonist |
| flexion | bending or decreasing the angle between bones |
| extension | straightening or increasing the angle between bones |
| hyperextension | continuation of extension beyond the normal extension |
| adduction | moving bones or limb toward the midline |
| abduction | moving bones or limb away from the midline |
| internal rotation | turning inward, rotation of a joint toward the midline of the body |
| external rotation | turning outward, rotation of a joint away from the midline of the body |
| circumduction | moving bone or limb in a circle |
| pronation | rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward |
| supination | rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward |
| dorsiflexion | bending of the foot or the toes upward |
| inversion | turning sole of the foot inward |
| eversion | turning the sole of the foot outward |
| frontalis | forehead muscle that raises eyebrows |
| temporalis | elevates and retracts mandible |
| orbicularis oculi | muscle that allows winking, blinking |
| orbicularis oris | closes and protrudes lips |
| plantar flexion | bending the foot downward at the ankle |
| masseter | powerful chewing muscle |
| platysma | sheet-like muscle in neck that pulls mouth (jaw) downward |
| sternocleidomastoid | laterally flexes head to same side, rotates face to opposite side |
| deltoid | shoulder muscle that causes shoulder abduction |
| biceps brachii | upper arm muscle that causes elbow flexion |
| pectoralis major | prime mover for shoulder flexion and adduction |
| rectus abdominus | major spine flexor |
| external obliques | laterally flexes trunk |
| internal obliques | laterally flexes the truck |
| transversus abdominus | compresses abdomen |
| external intercostals | elevates ribs during inspiration |
| sartorius | flexes leg and thigh, abducts and externally rotates thigh |
| adductor longus | muscle that adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh |
| tibialis anterior | muscle that results in dorsiflexion and inversion of foot |
| quadriceps | muscle group consisting of four muscles that extends the knee |
| rectus femoris | part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee |
| vastus medialis | part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee |
| vastus lateralis | part of quadriceps group, extends leg at knee |
| trapezius | extends neck and adducts scapula |
| latissimus dorsi | large muscle in middle of the back, that extends the shoulder, adducts and medially rotates the arm |
| rhomboids | muscles between shoulder blades, retracts shoulders |
| triceps brachii | upper arm muscle that causes elbow extension |
| gastrocnemius | plantar flexes foot, flexes knee when foot is dorsiflexed |
| soleus | plantar flexes foot |
| gluteus maximus | buttocks muscle that causes hip extension |
| gluteus medius | abducts thigh |
| biceps femoris | part of hamstrings group, flexes knee and extends thigh, rotates thigh laterally |
| semitendinosus | lateral portion of the hamstring, flexes knee and extends thigh |
| semimembranosus | medial portion of the hamstring, flexes knee and extends thigh |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| axon | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
| creatine phosphate | muscle biochemical that stores energy |
| cross bridges | connections between the heads of myosin filaments and receptor sites on the actin filaments |
| depression | lowering a body part |
| effort | force needed to move a load |
| elevation | raising a body part |
| lactic acid fermentation | series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce |
| first class lever | fulcrum is positioned between the effort and resistance |
| flexibility | ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability of a muscle to return to original length after being stretched |
| fulcrum | pivot point of a lever |
| gracilis | adducts thigh |
| load | object being lifted or moved |
| myofilament | contractile proteins, actin and myosin, of muscle cells |
| protraction | moving a body part forward |
| refractory period | time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated |
| retraction | moving a part backward |
| sarcopenia | the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging |
| second class lever | the load is between the fulcrum and the effort |
| synapse | gap between a neuron and another excitable cell |
| t-tubule | projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell |
| third class lever | the effort is between the fulcrum and the load |
| tropomyosin | covers myosin binding sites on the actin molecules |
| troponin | regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium |
| intercalated disc | membranous band that connects cardiac muscle cells |
| sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of a muscle cell |
| action potential | nerve impulse |
| myoglobin | oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells |
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