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Exam 1
Fluid Mechanics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| fluid | a material that deforms continuously and permanently under the application of shear stress, no matter how small. Keep moving as long as force is applied. |
| shear stress | force applied tangentially to the surface (Pa) (tau) |
| shear rate | the rate at which fluid is sheared (s^-1) (sigma) |
| bulk density | average density of a mixture of materials |
| dynamic viscosity | the slope of the shear stress vs shear rate curve |
| incompressible fluid | density is constant |
| buoyant force | the weight of the fluid displaced by the object |
| newtonian fluids | obey newton's law of viscosity |
| pseudoplastic | become less viscous when shear is applied |
| dilatant | become more viscous when shear is applied |
| bingham plastics | hold their shape and behave as solids until a yield stress is exceeded, then they flow like a liquid |
| viscosity | measure of resistance to flow |
| surface tension | tendency for a liquid to take up a shape with the least possible surface area. caused by intermolecular attraction. requires work to break. |
| archimedes principle | a partially or wholly submerged body is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced object |
| float | buoyant force > object weight |
| sink | buoyant force< object weight |
| manometer | helps us measure the pressure difference between two points by measuring the height difference of the fluid in each arm of the manometer |
| bourdon tube | high pressure straightens the tube, which moves the dial |
| diaphragm | contains a membrane that flexes up and down |
| bellows | contains bellows that get compressed when pressure is applied |
| block/plug flow | all the fluid in the pipe moves at the average velocity |
| no slip condition | a fluid in direct contact with a solid surface will move at the same velocity of the surface. |
| velocity profile | a plot of a fluids velocity at different radial points within a pipe |
| reynolds number | inertial forces/viscous forces |
| bernoullis principle | as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure of that fluid will decrease. |
| venturi meter | a flow measurement device that uses a converging section of pipe to give an increased flow velocity and a corresponding decrease in pressure from which the flow rate can be deduced. |
| discharge coefficient (Cv) | fudge factor that accounts for friction. |
| ortifice meter | constriction caused by insertion of an ortifice plate rather than a gradual change in diameter. |
| pitot tube | uses a change in pressure to determine velocity |
| rotameter | uses bernoullis principle to measure flow; tapered tube with bob |
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