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Biology
Chapters 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Biology? | The study of life |
| What is the scientific method? | A method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation |
| What is a hypothesis? | A suggested explanation for an event, which one can test A testable statement that explains something observed |
| Can a hypothesis become a verified theory? | Yes |
| What is a theory? | A tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena An explanation for broad patterns |
| What are the five fundamental characteristics of all living organisms? | Cells. Replication, Information, energy evolution, and evolution energy |
| What three theories form the framework for modern biological science? | Cell theory Theory of evolution by natural selection Chromosome theory of inheritance |
| Who devised the microscope with 30x magnification and discovered cells? | Robert Hooke |
| Who devised the microscope with 300x magnification and observed animalcules (single-celled organisms)? | Anton von Leeuwenhoek |
| What is the purpose of the membrane barrier? | To separate cells from their environment |
| What is the first part of cell theory? | All organisms are made up of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells |
| What is the purpose of an experiment? | It allows researchers to test the effect of factors on particular phenomenon |
| What is a prediction? | A measurable or observable result |
| What is the theory of spontaneous generation? | The belief that organisms could arise spontaneously under certain conditions |
| Who hypothesized that cells arise from other cells and not by spontaneous generation? | Louis Pasteur |
| What experiment proved the all-cells-from-cells hypothesis? | The two glass flasks experiment Two flasks, one straight-necked and one swan-necked, were boiled to kill any living cells Preexisting cells from the air entered the straight necked flaks and none entered the swan-necked one. No cells in the second |
| Chromosomal theory of inheritance? | Hereditary or genetic information is coded in genes Genes are units located on chromosomes |
| What are chromosomes made up of? | DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) |
| What are the four building blocks that make up the strands of the double helix? | A, T, C, G |
| How are the two strands of the double helix joined? | By interactions between pairs of bases: A pairs with T and C pairs with G |
| What is the central dogma? | It describes the flow of information in cells Dogma means framework for understanding |
| What is RNA? | Molecules that carry out specialized functions in cells |
| How are proteins made? | From reading mRNA (messenger RNA) |
| What is the purpose of proteins? | They are crucial to tasks required by cells Form structural components to promote chemical reactions |
| What do DNA sequence changes lead to? | Heritable variations that underlie the diversity of life |
| What is chemical evolution? | Formation of increasingly complex carbon-containing substances |
| How did evolution by natural selection take over? | Original molecule multiplied and the descendant of the original molecule become metabolically active and acquired membrane Five characteristics of life fulfilled |
| What 4 types of atoms make up 96% of matter in organisms? | Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen |
| What is the nucleus of all atoms made up of? | Protons-positive charge (+1) Neutrons—neutral charge Surrounded by orbiting electrons: Negative charge (-1) |
| Elements consist entirely of a single type of: | atoms |
| What is the atomic number? | Characteristic number of protons in nucleus of any atom Written as subscript left of its symbol |
| What is the mass number? | Sum of protons and neutrons in atom |
| What is the mass of each proton and each neutron? | One dalton |
| Do protons in an element vary? | No |
| What is the atomic weight of an element? | Average of all masses of naturally occurring isotopes based on their abundance |
| What elements make up over 99% of atoms in body | C, H, N, O, P and S |
| Electrons move around atomic nuclei in specific regions called | orbitals |
| Orbitals are grouped into levels called | electron shells |
| The number of electron shells indicate: | their relative distance from the nucleus |
| Outermost shells of elements: | Valence shells |
| Number of unpaired valence electrons | Valence of an atom |
| When are atoms most stable? | when valence shells are full |
Created by:
Ulaisl
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