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test207
Minitest3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Time when visible life | pherozoic |
| When new life appeared | Cenozoic |
| What happened in Eocene Epoch? | Rapid period of warming. Temporate forests Pole to Pole. Palm trees in Alaska. Rainforest in Antarctica. |
| What species on Axel Heiberg during Eocence, what ecosystem was like, and what species now? | Redwood, swamp Cyprus. Swampy, tropical Ecosystem. Now only Salix Arctica |
| How many tectonic plates? | about 15 |
| How does continental drift happen? | Continents and ocean basins are crust. Crust floats on asthenosphere. Convective currents drive the crust movement. |
| Def’n of pangia and panthalassa. When did pangea break up? | pangea-all earth. Panthalassa-all seas. Pangea broke up during dinosaurs. |
| Who had theory of plate tectonics? And why was problem? | Alfred Wegener. No ocean bottom knowledge at time. |
| Types of evidence of continental drift? | magnetic, biological, paleoclimatic, stratigraphic evidence. |
| Explain magnetic evidence for continental drift | new land formed at ridge. Polarity reversed from time to time and appears as bands. Bands on both sides suggest moving away from ridge. |
| Biological evidence of drift | similar fossils on different continents. AND related living species (i.e. birds) on different continents. |
| Explain paleoclimatic evidence of drift | patterns of past glaciations similar on multiple continents. Suggest all together. Glaciers not from ocean. |
| Explain stratigraphic evidence of drift | similar |
| How can use O18 as proxy? | when O18 was high, was a period of glacition. |
| What caused glacial/interglacial transitions during Pleistocene? | Milankovitch cycles |
| What are Miankovitch cycles? | changes in earth’s movements which affect climates. 3 types of changes in increasing time scale: Ecentricity, Precission, Obliquity. |
| What was CO2 like during glaciation? | CO2 concentrations were low. |
| How do we know past CO2? | found in air bubbles from ice cores: vostok, epica. |
| When last glacial max? | 20,000 years ago. |
| How did glaciations affect extinctions? | changed sea levels, which caused extinctions |
| How did Pleistocene affect biota distribution? | Changed habitat. Changed environmental condtions. Created and destroyed dispersal routes (i.e. Beringia) |
| How did Pleistocene affect species? | some species floated with shifting habitat. Some didn’t move but adapted. Some reduced range or became extinct. |
| How do we know past vegetation species distribution because of ice? Problem with this? | we can look at pollen and fossil records. Pollen not preserved in arid regions. |
| Explain isolation and refugia-speciation pump model. | Species were in a refurgia. Something happens to allows them to spread. |
| Species pump and high tropical diversity | Precip patterns changed in tropics. During dry years, species # increased in wet areas. When wet again, species spread out in tropics. |
| Refugia and glaciers | Glaciers left pockets of refugia. When ice melts, species can spread out. |
| What is 3 fundamental process inn biogeography? | Evolution. Extinction. Dispersal. |
| Def’n dispersal | movement of organism beyond point of origin. |
| Def’n ecological process | part of life history of a species |
| Def’n passive dispersal | outside force required. i.e. wind dispersal |
| Def’n active dispersal | movement by species itself. i.e. birds fly |
| Def’n propagule | stage in life cycle, piece of organism, of group of organisms |
| Pros and cons of moving far away from point of origin | pros: less crowded, less competition for resources. Cons: more dangerous. |
| List types of dispersal | diffusion, jump, migration. |
| Explain and rate of diffusion dispersal and ex. | diffusion is slowly spreading out as population expands. Very slow process that affects populations. Ex. Is trees after glacial retreat. |
| Explain and example of jump dispersal | usually by animals that can move great distances in a jump. i.e. birds. |
| *List some barriers of dispersal | physical-mountain, water, environmental, physiological (salinity and temp.), and biological barriers (predation, etc.) |
| Where are mountains greater barrier: temperate or tropical? Why? | tropical. Because sharp temp. Gradients more colder than rest of area. |
| Def’n corridor | dispersal route that allows taxa to move from one region to another. Ex. Waterways, land masses, etc. |
| What is a “filter” in regards to dispersal? | Filter is a corridor that only allows certain species to go through, but not others. |
| List some invasive species of Canada, and how they became invasive | Garlic Mustard-introduced for medicinal use, seeds viable for long term. Zebra Mussels. |
| *Characteristics of a good invader | -in good environment. – short regen time and large # offspring. –no serious predators. -Easily dispersed propagules |
| Why does a species want to disperse? | find new territory with less competition. Increase genetic variability in population. Prevent overcrowding. |
| What is a species? From a: phylogenetic concept, biological concept, and an evolutionary concept | phylogenetic-sexuall reproducing share a unique character. Biological-group of individuals that interbreed. Evolutionary concept-traceable, direct ancestor/descendant. |
| Achillia millefolium is phenotypically or genotypically different? | phenotypically. |
| Def’n natural selection | traits that provide advantage in reproduction are selected for, others selected against. |
| What is special about Galapogos islands? | not far from mainland. |
| What are some things Darwin observed? | Flightless birds, Green Iguanas (different than mainland ones), Galapogos tortoises different on each island, different daisy species. |
| Describe Allopatric speciation | species are dispersed, causing evolution separately. Species are in different areas. |
| What could happen if Darwin’s finishes were brought together again? | 1. No interbreeding. 2. May interbreed, gene flow would cause homogenization. 3. May interbreed, but offspring are not fit and may die off. |
| Describe Sympatric speciation | species are in same area, but choose not to interbreed, so no gene flow. |
| Describe Peripatric speciation | groups are physically separated and then speciate. |
| What is key in evolution? | Scale! |
| What is adaptive radiation? | species diversivies into other species in order to fill every niche. Drives sympatric speciation. |
| Def’n facultative mutualism | two species interact with each other positively, but could live by themselves if need be. |
| Def’n Obligate mutualism | Two species are together and cannot survive without each other. |
| What types of extinction are there, and examples | global-wooly mammoth. Local-bison in N. America. |
| What can cause localized extinctions? | low genetic diversity, pathogens, no dispersal, competition. |
| Ways to avoid extinction | not complex (simplest have lived longer), adaptations (change to live in current world), avoid top of food chain and don’t be large body (because requires resources), be a generalist. |
| What are some consequences of extinction? | trophic cascade. |
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ducksarewet
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