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Energy
APES Unit 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Identify the 3 main fossil fuels | 1) Coal 2) Oil 3) Natural Gas |
| What is a nonrenewable resource? | A resource found in a fixed amount that cannot be easily replaced. |
| What is a renewable resource? | A resource that is naturally replenished @ or near the rate of consumption. |
| What is net energy yield? | The total amount of useful energy available from a resource minus the energy needed to make the energy. |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | As energy is used, much it released as low quality energy or heat. |
| How efficient is petroleum gasoline? | It's 30% efficient. |
| What is one reason for subsidies on energy sources? | Certain energy sources cannot compete in the marker with other alternatives because of their low net energy yields. |
| What are side effects of using fossil fuels? | Depleting natural resources, pollution, global warming, oil spills, and famine. |
| What resources does nuclear energy require? | Uranium-235 |
| Why is uranium dangerous? | It is a radioactive substance which remains in the air for a long time and is difficult to dispose of. |
| What is an isotope? | A compound which is similar to another, usually bad. EX --> a radioactive form of a normally safe element |
| What is biomass? | Fuels sources of things that were once alive EX -->Wood, ethanol, biodiesel (fryer oil) |
| What are some advantages of biomass? | It can be grown almost anywhere, no increase in CO2 release, widely available. and easy to transport. |
| What is Landfill Gas (LFG)? | A natural product of the decomposition of organic materials in landfills, 50% methane. |
| What is the grid? | A power plant where energy is altered by voltage. |
| Why are energy resources often fought over? | They aren't evenly distributed and needed by all. Additionally, this need for fossil fuels in particular is increasing. |
| What is OPEC? | Organization of Exporting Countries |
| What are some countries apart of OPEC? | Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, and Congo. |
| Do developed or undeveloped countries use more fossil fuels? | Developed or Industrialized. |
| What is a carbon footprint? | It is the total amount of GHGs generated by human activity. |
| What is a British Thermal Unit (BTU)? | It's a measure of heat content in a fuel or energy source. |
| What is a sanction? | They are penalties used to punish areas by cutting benefits. |
| What is peat? | It's a partially decomposed organic material that can be used as fuel, underdeveloped coal. |
| What element mostly makes up natural gas? | Methane. |
| Cogeneration | The generation of both electricity and heat at the same time or the production of one is used to produce the other. EX --> utilizing steam left over from electricity generation to produce heat |
| What is crude oil? | It is recovered from tar sands in a liquid state, not yet refined for use. |
| What are three ways to generate electricity? | Burn a fuel, use steam to spin a turbine, or connect a turbine to a generator. |
| What is charcoal? | Carbon with impurities. |
| What is anthracite? | Coal with the most corbon, exposed to the most heat, very hard. |
| How many gallons is in 1 barrel of oil? | 42 gallons |
| What are some petroleum products? | Asphalt, gasoline, kerosine (jet fuel), and plastic products. |
| What is sour crude oil? | Crude oil with a high sulfur content. |
| What is sweet crude oil? | Crude oil with low sulfur content. |
| What is bitumen? | Oil extracted from tar sands which is difficult to extract. |
| What is petroleum? | Forms when organisms die, "marine snow" that accumulates on the ocean floor |
| Why is hydrofracking for natural gas inefficient? | Much of it is released into the atmosphere before being stored which contributes to global warming. |
| Where is natural gas found? | In shale. |
| Where is methane hydrate found? | Trapped in icy water, permafrost, or the ocean floor, high extraction cost. |
| What is ANWR? | Arctic Nation Wildlife Refuge |
| What is TAPS? | Trans-Alaska Pipeline System |
| Is electricity a primary or secondary source? | Secondary. |
| How to obtain fossil fuels? | fracking, mountain top removal, oil wells, subsurface coal mining, and deepsea platforms. |
| How is nuclear power created? | Through nuclear fission which takes place in a nuclear reactor. |
| What are the parts of a nuclear reactor? | Control rods, fuel, containment structure, steam generator/heat exchanger, condenser, turbine, generator, and cooling tower. |
| Why is nuclear fuel kept underwater in US nuclear plants? | It's a moderator, cooling the fuel and slowing fast moving neutrons to create fission. |
| What is LOCA? | Loss of Coolant Accident |
| What do control rods do? | They slow or stop nuclear fission by absorbing neutrons. |
| Example SCRAM | An emergency insertion of all control rods to stop fission. |
| Summarize Three Mile Island | Took place on March 28, 1979 Causes: "Human Error" + Poor design Nuclear core partially melted due to lack of water (LOCA) Radiation was released Faulty valve got stuck open |
| Summarize Chernobyl | Took place on April 26, 1986 Causes: Flawed reactor design, poorly trained personnel, graphite coated control rods, safety test gone wrong Core meltdown Located in Ukraine |
| Summarize Fukushima | Took place on March 11, 2011 Located in East Japan Causes: Earthquake and Tsunami |
| What is iodine-131? | Thyroid needs this. |
| What are the disadvantages of burning biomass? | May led to deforestation and heavily pollutes the air. |
| Why don't we use pure ethanol as gasoline? | While it does work and produces less pollutants, it is not efficient and would require you to fill up more often. |
| What is transesterification? | The chemical process that is required to create biodiesel. |
| What are the advantages of biodiesel? | No new land is required, less pollutant is released, and are renewable (crop). |
| What is a solar thermal system? | A energy producing system which collects sunlight and boils water to generate electricity. |
| What is a passive solar system? | This system don't require any technology but rather design models that align with the sun's natural patterns to receive the sun's heat and store it (with good installation). |
| What is an active solar system? | A collector holds a liquid which to collect and store solar energy and then distributes this heat to the building later. |
| How can dams produce electricity? | This is considered hydroelectric power in which a dam is built to move water into a reservoir to spin a turbine. |
| What are the + and - of hydroelectric power? | Produces no pollutants Renewable Low cost High energy yield Expensive Destroys habitats Disturbs migration patterns |
| What are some examples of hydropower? | Dams Waves (Only in certain regions) Tides (Only a in certain regions) |
| What is OTEC? | Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, provides energy by differences in water temp. |
| What is geothermal energy? | Extracting heat from the Earth and storing it in the Earth to cool. Carried out in power plants or with heat pumps. Mainly used in Iceland |
| What are + and - of geothermal energy? | Renewable and continuous Can be domestic Small, little land needed Emit no pollutants Other gases may be included More expensive than HVAC |
| What is the difference between an air source and a ground sources heat pump? | An air source pump takes heat from outside and draws it in in the winter and blows hot air from the house outside. The same process takes place with a ground source pump except hot air is taken from and stored in the ground. |
| What is the temperature of groundwater year-round? | 55 degrees |
| Are hydrogen fuel cells renewable? | No |
| Who invented the first fuel cell? | William Grove. |
| What are the + & - of fuel cells? | Releases no pollutants Expensive Still require energy to make Flammable Difficult to store |
| What is a wind turbine? | An energy producer that uses kinetic energy in wind to spin a turbine which produces electricity. |
| What are + and - of wind turbines? | Renewable Clean energy Kills flying animals Blades are difficult to dispose of |
| What is LEED? | Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design |
| What are some methods for conserving energy? | Adjusting your thermostat Conserve water Energy efficient appliances Electric car |
| How long can the oil available in the Arctic Circle provide global demands? | 3 years |
| How much of the oil used in the US was imported? | 39% |
| What is oil sand made up of? | Sand. clay, water, and bitumen. |
| What kind of oil is often found in the US? | Oil shale |
| What is the reduction point? | The point at pressure begins to drop and production declines. |
| Where is 75% of the world's tar sands located? | Canada. |
| What type of gas is found in permafrost? | Methane hydrate. |
Created by:
MadisonFoleyReis
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