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PNB chapter 3
lecture 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an example of an aquatic animal that is adapted to frigid water temperatures (near freezing) | Antarctic icefishes |
| What type of proteins are in the blood of Antarctic icefishes to combat frigid water temp. | antifreeze proteins |
| Antarctic icefishes have a loss of blood viscosity which is due to the loss of BLANK | lost of RBC, hemoglobin, and sometimes myoglobin |
| What is the name of the largest water current on earth that circulates clockwise | Antarctic Circumpolar Current |
| How did the stable current Antarctic Circumpolar Current chill Antarctica | by preventing warmer ocean waters from lower latitudes reaching it |
| Why is the cease of production for scales in Antarctic icefishes important in heir cold environments | enables a lot of absorption of oxygen through the skin |
| Why is the Production of plasma antifreeze glycoproteins an important in evolutionary adaptation in Antarctic icefishes | by keeping the blood from freezing |
| How does the Production of plasma antifreeze glycoproteins prevent blood from freezing | by binding to ice crystals and preventing their growth |
| Why must must Antarctic icefishes achieve higher circulation rates using a massive heart | Because the carrying capacity for oxygen in plasma is low |
| Because of the lack of RBC in Antarctic icefishes that carry CO2 to the gills for excretion, What must Antarctic icefishes use instead. | carbonic anhydrase |
| Where are carbonic anhydrase bound to | the basolateral surface of the gill epithelium |
| What does carbonic anhydrase do exactly | rapidly catalyzes conversion of bicarbonate to CO2 for outward diffusion |
| Air-breathing fishes that don't respire with a gas bladder uses WHAT | gill modifications |
| What are gill modifications | turning an evaginated structure into an invaginated one |
| in air breathing fishes where gas exchange does not occur in the gas bladder, where does it occur | suprabranchial respiratory organs |
| Since Many FW colonizers have “re-evolved” ancestral air-breathing ability using slightly different gill attachments they are considered WHAT | amphibious |
| because Many FW colonizers can move between waterbodies, many become WHAT | invasive species |
| What are four examples of invasive FW colonizers | Walking Catfish, Airsac Catfish, Snakeheads, and Climbing perch |
| Why are naked mole rates considered to live eusocially | Because as insect they live in a caste system with a queen and workers and soldiers |
| Where do naked mole rats live | in large colonies in huge underground tunnel networks |
| Why is High CO2 buildup in the tunnels problematic too naked mole rats | because it could cause an unsafe increase in blood pH. |
| What happens to need mole rats when they are deprived of O2 | they go unconscious and their brain switches to metabolizing fructose instead of glucose |
| Does the naked mole rat's hemoglobin (Hb) protein have a high CO2 or O2 affinity. | O2 |
| How is Life at >3 km above sea level | cold and has low O2 availability |
| Is the air thick or thin at >3 km above sea level | thin |
| Why are there challenges for high-altitude flyers | because the air contains less O2 needed by the flight muscles |
| What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) At altitudes of 8-9 km | 50-33% that of sea level. |
| What are 3 types of Avian traits that maximizes continuous O2 absorption | 1. parabronchi with unidirectional airflow; 2. Large heart with lots of coronary vascularization; 3. Tolerance of hypocapnia |
| What are 5 types of bar-headed-geese specific traits that maximizes continuous O2 absorption | 1. Larger lung volume; 2. Higher-affinity Hb for oxygen; 3. Greater perfusion to pectoralis that has more mitochondria for more aerobic respiration. 4. Lower metabolic rate; 5. colder blood for greater O2 solubility |
| how do Some terrestrial arthropods return to the water and overcome their respiratory constraints | by trapping air |
| How does the Diving Bell Spider supply air for themselves underwater | by weaving an underwater web to house an air bubble |
| How does the weaved air bubble from the diving bell spider continue to absorb dissolved oxygen | from the surrounding water due to the inward partial pressure gradient |
| how does the Predaceous diving beetles supply air for themselves underwater | by trapping air bubbles under their folded wings on their backs |
| How does the River Bugs supply air for themselves underwater | from their hydrofuge hairs trapping microscopic air bubbles |
| What are Apneustic breathing behavior | rapid breathing pulses in succession before dives |
| How much air can whales exchange in 2 seconds | 80% |
| Do Marine mammals exhale or inhale before diving | exhale |
| Why must Marine mammals exhale before diving | to deflate their lungs during dives to help them sink |
| Where do diving specialist store most of their O2 | in Blood and Muscles |
Created by:
shantel_1
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