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PNB Chapter 3
Lecture 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the central porphyrin ring in Hemoglobin subunits | a heme group with iron |
| What element binds to oxygen diffusing into the blood from the respiratory surface | iron |
| What are Respiratory pigments | proteins that bind oxygen |
| What proteins greatly enhance animal’s ability to aerobically respire | respiratory pigments |
| Does Oxygen have low or high solubility in the blood plasma | low |
| What percent of O2 is “free” in circulation | 2% |
| What percent of O2 is bound to Hb | 98% |
| How does pigments work as a oxygen indicator | By changing color slightly when bound with O2 |
| What type of ions bind with oxygen | metallic ions |
| What are pigments more accurately termed | metalloproteins |
| What element/ion is held in the hemocyanin | copper |
| What element/ion is held in the hemoglobin | iron |
| What element/ion is held in the hemerythrin | iron |
| What color is Hemocyanin | blue |
| What animals is Hemocyanin found in | Mollusks; all cephalopods; some gastropods and bivalves; Arthropods such as most crustaceans, arachnids, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, centipedes |
| What color is Hemerythrin | pink/violet |
| What animals is Hemerythrin found in | marine worms and Brachiopods |
| Why does Hemerythrin use more iron to bind oxygen | it doesn't have a heme group |
| What color is Hemoglobin | red |
| How many iron-containing heme groups does Hemoglobin have | 4 |
| What animal is hemoglobin found in | Vertebrates; A few annelids, insects, crustaceans and nematodes |
| In the Vertebrate circulatory systems, what is the name of the specialized cell that handles gas transport | erythrocytes (RBC) |
| What are the four major purposes of blood | 1. Delivers nutrients through the plasma. 2. Delivers oxygen. 3. Removes waste. 4. Immune system function |
| Where does the red in red blood cells come from | the respiratory pigment hemoglobin |
| What type of shape do Mammalian erythrocytes (RBC) have, which increases their surface area | biconcave shape |
| How do RBC's fit through narrow capillaries | deform |
| What is a tetramer of globin proteins | Hemoglobin |
| what is the color of oxygenated blood with hemocyanin | blue |
| What is the color of deoxygenated blood with hemocyanin | clear |
| Are Non-mammalian RBC nucleated or non-nucleated | nucleated |
| Are Mature, mammalian RBC nucleated or non-nucleated | non-nucleated |
| Are Nucleated RBC the ancestral condition or newly created condition | ancestral condition |
| Are nucleated cells bigger or smaller than non-nucleated | bigger |
| When do Mammalian RBCs enucleate | during cell development & maturation |
| Who does the RBC progenitor ejects its nucleus | by forming a ring of actin |
| What happens to the nucleus once ejected out of the RBC | gets phagocytized by macrophages (eaten) |
| What are four reasons why evolution favored ejection of the nucleus in mammalian RBC | 1. efficient O2 delivery; 2. Higher hemoglobin abundance; 3. Reduces ‘log-jamming’ through capillaries; 4. Protects against oxidative stress |
| What are the three cost of ejecting the nucleus in mammalian RBC | 1. shorter-lived cells that can’t synthesize new hemoglobin; 2. make ATP; 3. repair themselves |
| What can cause oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species (ROS) | O2-laden cells being exposed to high sugar and heme levels |
| What is the main function of the spleen | to store RBC to ensure plenty are in circulation at all times |
| How can the muscular spleen push more RBC into the blood stream | By contracting |
| What are two other functions of the spleen | serves filtration and immune functions |
| What makes up over 75% of the spleen | red pulp |
| What makes up the remaining 25% of the spleen | lymphoid tissue called white pulp |
| What part of the spleen is where B cells release antibodies | The white pulp |
| What part of the spleen filters the blood of antigens, microbes, and damaged cells | red pulp |
| What is released by cells that are starved of O2 | Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIF) |
| HIF-2 stimulates the liver and kidney to secrete WHAT into circulation | erythropoietin (Epo) |
| Epo stimulates the bone marrow to produce more cells called what | hematopoietic cells |
| What does the hematopoietic cells become | erythrocytes |
| Does higher levels of Hb increase of decrease O2 delivery | increase |
| What does the Oxygen Equilibrium (Dissociation) Curves describe | the properties of the O2 carriers. |
| The relationship between P50 and O2 affinity is WHAT | inverse |
| What is the relationship between P50 and O2 | P50 is the partial pressure of O2 at which pigment is half-saturated |
| What does the gas equilibrium curves depict | how much gas is bound to protein by the amount of gas present |
| Hemoglobin binding cooperatively to oxygen creates what type of dissociation curve. | sigmoidal |
| What is the name of globin monomers in muscles | Myoglobin |
| Are heme groups in globin or is globin in heme groups | heme groups are in globin |
| alpha & beta globins form what | tetramer (Hb's) |
| When no O2 is bound, what type of state is Hb in | a tense (or “Taut”) state |
| What happens to the globins when Hb are in a tense state | They are stabilized by salt bridges |
| What happens to the state of Hb when the ionic binding of an oxygen molecule breaks these bonds | The Hb relaxes |
| What decreases Hb’s affinity for O2 | Allosteric modifiers |
| What are allosteric modifiers | protons, CO2, and organic modulators like 2,3-DPG |
| What do Tissues that are acidic need; O2 or Co2 | O2 |
| What is the name of the phenomenon of an oxygen-modulated CO2 affinity | the Haldane Effect. |
| Is deoxygenated of oxygenated Hb better able to bind to CO2 | deoxygenated |
| How are the Hemoglobin variants generated | from combining different globin subunits |
| What are the globin subunits | alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, gamma, and zeta |
| Do Embryonic and fetal Hb have lower or higher O2 affinity than adult Hb | Higher |
| Does higher or lower temperatures decreases Hb-O2 affinity | higher |
| The colder the temperature, the BLANK the oxygen solubility | greater |
| The notothenioids gained what type of gene to keeps their blood from freezing | an antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) gene |
| What is the name of the effect that causes Hb to lose affinity for oxygen at lower pH | The Bohr Effect |
| What is the name of the effect that causes Hb to have lower O2 saturation (carrying capacity) at lower pH | The Root Effect |
| What is the regulation of ph blood in humans | 7.4 |
| What type of disruption in the body does Hypoventilation cause | Respiratory Acidosis |
| Hypoventilation allows what to occur in the lungs | CO2 builds up |
| What type of disruption in the body does Hyperventilation cause | Respiratory Alkalosis |
| Hyperventilation allows what to occur in the blood | Excessive loss of CO2 |
| What is the cause of Metabolic Acidosis | Loss of intestinal bicarbonate |
| What is a symptom of Metabolic Acidosis | Diarrhea |
| What is the cause of Metabolic Alkalosis | Loss of stomach acid |
| What is a symptom of Metabolic Alkalosis | vomiting |
| What is the role of the kidney | maintaining acid-base balance |
Created by:
shantel_1
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