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BIO 2274 Pratical 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The right lung has ___ lobes, the left lung has ___ lobes | 3, 2 |
| Paranasal sinuses are within the following bones except: A) maxillary bones B) mandible C) frontal bone D) sphenoid bone | B) mandible |
| The alveoli are composed of what kind of tissue? | simple squamous epithelium |
| The ___ adheres to the surface of the lung. | visceral pleura |
| What is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx? | cricoid cartilage |
| Which of the following structures increases the surface area and air turbulence the most during breathing? A) nasal meatuses B) nasal septum C) nasal conchae D) nares | C) nasal conchae |
| Which of the following airway tubes would have the smallest lumens? A) alveolar ducts B) segmental bronchi C) lobar bronchi D) main bronchi | A) alveolar ducts |
| True or false: the epiglottic cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage | False, it is made of elastic cartilage |
| The size of the thoracic cavity is increased by contractions of all the following muscles except the: A) diaphragm B) external intercostals C) pectoralis minor D) external oblique | D) external oblique |
| A ___ is an instrument to measure air volume during breathing | spirometer |
| The ___ is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible. | vital capacity |
| Tidal volume is estimated to be about how many mililiters? | 500 mL |
| A normal resting breathing rate is about ___ breaths per minute | 12-15 |
| True or False: the contraction of the diaphragm increases the size of the thoracic cavity | True |
| True or False: vital capacity is the total of tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume | False |
| The respiratory areas of the brain include all of the following except A) brainstem B) pons C) medulla oblongata D) pineal gland | D) pineal gland |
| Breathing rate increases as blood concentrations of ___ increase. | carbon dioxide |
| Forced expiration muscle do not include A) internal intercostal B) rectus abdominis C) sternocleidomastoid D) external oblique | C) sternocleidomastoid |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to low blood oxygen levels are located in the A) heart B) aortic arch and carotid arteries C) aorta only D) carotid arteries only | B) aortic arch and carotid arteries |
| What is normal blood pH? | 7.35-7.45 |
| True or False: an increase in the duration of inspiration is the normal response from the inflation reflex? | False |
| True or False: the dorsal respiratory group of the medullary respiratory center is involved with stimulation of the diaphragm contractions | True |
| Define Tidal volume (TV) | the volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiratory cycle |
| Define Minute respiratory volume (MRV) | the amount of total air that passes in and out of your lungs in one minute (TV x breaths/minute) |
| Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | The amount of air that can be inspired after normal Tidal Volume |
| What is the average milliliters of inspiratory reserve volume? | 3000 mL |
| Define Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of normal TV |
| What is the average milliliters of expiratory reserve volume? | 1100 mL |
| Define Residual Volume (RV) | volume of air remaining in lungs after most forceful expiration |
| What is the average milliliters of residual volume? | 1200 mL |
| Define minimal volume | volume of air remaining in lungs after residual volume |
| What is the equation for inspiratory capacity? | IC = TV +IRV |
| What is the equation of expiratory capacity? | EC = TV + ERV |
| What is the equation of functional residual capacity? | FRC = ERV + RV |
| What is the equation of total lung capacity? | TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV |
| What are the 6 muscles of respiration? | diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, and internal intercostals |
| What are the 3 muscles of expiration? | internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, and external oblique |
| What are the origins of the diaphragm? | costal cartilages and ribs, xiphoid process, and lumbar vertebrae |
| What is the insertion of the diaphragm? | central tendon |
| What is the inspiration action of the diaphragm? | flattens during contractions that expands the thoracic cavity and compresses abdominal viscera during inspiration |
| What are the origins of the external intercostals? | inferior border of superior rib |
| What is the insertion of the external intercostals? | superior border of inferior rib |
| what is the inspiration action of external intercostals? | elevates ribs which expands the thoracic cavity during inspiration |
| What are the origins of the sternocleidomastoid? | manubrium of sternum and medial clavicle |
| What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid? | mastoid process of temporal bone |
| What is the inspiration action of the sternocleidomastoid? | elevates sternum |
| What are the origins of the scalenes? | transverse processes of cervical vertebrae |
| What is the insertion of the scalenes? | ribs 1 and 2 |
| what is the inspiration action of the scalenes? | elevates ribs 1 and 2 |
| What are the origins of the pectoralis minor? | sternal ends of ribs 3-5 |
| what is the insertion of the pectoralis minor? | coracoid process of scapula |
| What is the inspiration action of the pectoralis minor? | assists in elevating ribs |
| What are the origins of the internal intercostals? | superior border of the inferior rib |
| What is the insertion of the internal intercostals? | inferior border of the superior rib |
| what is the expiration action of the internal intercostals? | decreases ribs which compresses the thoracic cavity during forced expiration |
| What are the origins of the rectus abdominis? | pubic crest and pubic symphysis |
| What is the insertion of the rectus abdominis? | xiphoid process of sternum and costal cartilages |
| what is the expiration action of the rectus abdominis? | compresses inferior ribs and abdominal contents, which helps raise the diaphragm |
| What are the origins of the external oblique? | anterior surfaces of ribs 5-12 |
| what is the insertion of the external oblique? | anterior iliac crest and linea alba by aponeurosis |
| what is the expiration action of the external oblique? | compresses the abdominal contest, which helps to raise the diaphragm |
| True or False: vital capacities gradually decrease as a person continues to age | True |
| Define the term "cooking" in digestion | starts breakdown process |
| What is the function of teeth and jaw muscles in digestion? | mastication, physically breaks down food |
| What is the function of the senses of smell and taste in digestion? | increase or initiate saliva |
| What is the function of the stomach in digestion? | mechanical mixing of food, enzymatic digestion, storage, and absorption |
| What is the function of the duodenum in digestion? | arrival of food triggers release of enzymes for breakdown of each food group, release of bile |
| What is the function of the pancreas in digestion? | secretion of digestive enzymes (acini cells) |
| What is the function of the liver in digestion? | produces biles which emulsifies fats, stores glucose, iron, vitamins, synthesize molecules, produces heat |
| What is the function of the gallbladder in digestion? | stores bile |
| What is the function of the villi of intestines in digestion? | increases surface area for absorption of nutrients |
| What is the function of lymphatics of intestines in digestion? | absorption of fats |
| What is the function of the appendix in digestion? | lymph nodules contain useless plan eating bacteria |
| What is the function of the colon in digestion? | water absorption |
| What is the function of the bacteria in the colon in digestion? | synthesis of vitamin K, bacteria makes up 1/3 weight of feces |
| What is the enzyme of the oral cavity? | salivary amylase |
| What glands are found in the oral cavity? | salivary glands |
| What does salivary amylase process and what is the product? | polysaccharides (starch) into disaccharides (maltose) and polysaccharides |
| what occurs in the stomach after food passes through the oral cavity and esophagus? | hydrochloric acid deactivates salivary amylase and its action |
| What are the enzymes of the pancreas? | pancreatic amaylase |
| What does the pancreatic amaylase breakdown and what are its products? | disaccharides and polysaccharides into disaccharides (maltose) |
| What are the enzymes of the intestinal mucosa? | maltase |
| What does maltase breakdown and what are its products? | disaccharides (maltose) into monosaccharides (glucose) |
| What are the 2 subsections of the small intestine? | pancreas and intestinal mucosa |
| What are the steps that food travels through the body in digestion (HINT: 6 steps) | 1) oral cavity 2) esophagus 3) stomach 4) small intestine 5) pancreas 6) intestinal mucosa |
| In the digestive enzymes lab, why do you test the mixtures in a water bath that is 37 degrees celcius? | Because this is human body temperature |
| In the digestive enzymes lab, why is the solution boiled for 10 minutes? | The Benedict reaction requires heat to cause a color change |
| What was the color of test tube 1 (starch, amylase, buffer pH 7) after adding the Benedict reagent? | orange |
| What was the color of test tube 2 (starch, amylase, buffer pH 2) after adding the Benedict reagent? | green |
| In the digestive enzymes lab, what is the purpose of making a maltose control solution? | It confirms that Benedict reagent produces an orange color in the presence of maltose |
| What was the color of test tube 3 (maltose, water, buffer pH 7) after adding the Benedict reagent? | orange |
| In the digestive enzymes lab, what is the purpose of making a control solution with starch and water at pH 7 but not including amylase? | To eliminate the possibility that starch is broken down into simple sugars by any other mechanisms than that of amylase |
| What was the color of test tube 4 (starch, water, buffer pH 7) after adding the Benedict reagent? | blue |
| What is the best pH for amylase activity? | amylase works best at pH 7 but generates a little maltose at pH 2 |
| The stomach can stretch enough to hold contents of large meals because it has? | gastric folds |
| What sphincter is the muscular valve at the exit of the stomach? | pyloric |
| True or False: The anal sphincter muscles include an external voluntary sphincter and an internal involuntary sphincter. | True |
| Which color change represents a positive reaction for the presence of simple sugars using the Benedict's test? | blue to orange |
| The three major steps of digestive function include all of the following, except: digestion, ingestion, absorption, secretion | secretion |
| Bile salts function like detergents in that they ___________ fat globules. | emulsify |
| Place the layers of the alimentary canal in order from the most superficial layer to the deepest layer. | serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa |
| After adding drops of iodine-potassium iodide to a solution, a color of light brown indicates | no starch is present |
| After heating with Benedict's solution, a test result showing a blue color indicates | no sugar present |
| Amylase originates from what 2 organs? | salivary glands and pancreas |
| The _______ is the layer of the alimentary canal that absorbs nutrients. | mucosa |
| True or False: The change of the unique three-dimensional shape of a protein, such as an enzyme, due to extreme temperature or pH conditions is called denaturation. | True |
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