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Biology Second Exam
Units 4-6 & 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are tissues? | A number of different cells that perform a common function. |
| What are the 4 major types of tissues? | 1. Epithelial: tight, continuous network of cells found in glands 2. Muscular: allows for body movement, fibers, cells, protein (Actin and Myosin) 3. Connective: binds and supports parts of the body 4. Nervous: Neurons, nerve cells, input/output |
| What are the 3 categories of connective tissues? | 1. Fibrous: loose connective and dense connective 2. Supportive; cartilage, bone 3. Fluid: blood, lymph nodes |
| What are the 3 types of cartilage and where are they found in the body? | 1. Hyaline: ends of long bones, nose and ribs/fine collagen fibers 2. Elastic: external ears/elastic fibers 3. Fibrocartilage: found in the vertebrae and knees/strong fibers |
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? Characteristics of each? | 1. Smooth: digestive system. Involuntary, uninucleated, no striations 2. Skeletal: bones, voluntary, multinucleated, striations 3. Cardiac: heart, involuntary, uninucleated, striations, disks |
| What are neurons? | Sensory receptors sending chemical signals from the brain to the nervous system. Made of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. |
| What are the three main parts of a neuron? | 1. Dendrites: carry information towards a cell body 2. Cell body 3. Axon: carry information away from a cell body |
| What do neuroglia do? | Connect neurons to blood vessels. Shwann cells, astrocytes, microglia. |
| How are epithelial tissues classified? | Named after the appearance of cell layers. Classified by shape. |
| Where are the different types of epithelial tissues found? What are they? | 1. Pseudostratified columnar: nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi 2. Simple squamous: alveoli of lungs 3. Transitional: urinary tract 4. Simple cubodial: kidneys |
| What are the 2 layers of skin, which layer contains blood vessels? | 1. Epidermis: top layer, dead cells, no blood vessels 2. Dermis: thick/inner layer, elastic/collagen fibers, blood vessels |
| What are the ABCDE's of skin cancer? | A: Assemetry B: Border C: Color D: Diameter E: Evolution and elevation |
| Compare the dorsal and ventral body cavities? | Dorsal: back (spinal cord and brain) Ventral: 1. thoracic: heart, lungs, esophagus 2. abdominal: stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gullbladder, intestines 3. pelvic: reproductive and other organs |
| Compare the pleura and pericardium. Where are they located and what are they? | They are body membranes that line the cavities. Pleura: lungs Pericardium: heart |
| Define homeostasis. | Stable internal environment. Medical people try to keep you stable: blood pressure/body temps |
| What is negative feedback, examples, relation to homeostasis? | Opposite direction of original stimulus. Moving away from a stable internal environment. Example: body temperature spiking or dropping too much |
| What is positive feedback, examples, relation to homeostasis? | Same direction of original stimulus. Moving towards a stable internal environment. Example: Uterine contractions to have a baby |
| End of Unit 4 | End of Unit 4 |
| What is hemolytic disease of a newborn? How is it related to Rh factor? When can it become problematic? | Only important if mom if Rh-, having an Rh+ baby, babies blood mixes with moms and the red blood cells of mom attacks the babies. Passing antibodies back and forth. |
| What is EPO, where is it produced and how does it function? | EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that simulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow. It is secreted by kidney cells and moves when oxygen is low. Production: Low oxygen, kidney increases EPO, increases RBC production, oxygen is normal. |
| What is blood doping and how is it related to EPO? | Increasing RBC's to boost athletic ability. More efficient delivery of oxygen and less fatigue. EPO increase RBC production, therefore boosting oxygen production. |
| Functions of blood and the cardiovascular system. | 1. Transportation: oxygen, nutrients, wastes carbon dioxide, hormones and red blood cells. 2. Defense: against pathogens (white blood) 3. Regulatory Functions: body temperature, water/salt balance and body pH. |
| What are the formed elements and their main importance? | RBC's: erythrocytes, produced in red bone marrow, live 120 days, EPO, old cells destroyed by spleen/liver. WBC's: leukocytes, derived from red bone marrow, tissues/blood, fight infection, live long/short lives. Platelets: thrombocytes, used in clotting. |
| Types of white blood cells, most abundant? | 1. Granular Leukocytes: noticible granules, lobed nuclei. Neutrophil (pathogens 50-70%), Eusinophil (Parasites), Basophil (Allergies) 2. Agranular Leukocytes: no granules, nonlobed nuclei. Lymphocyte (immunes system 25-35%), Monocyte (Pathogens) |
| What is blood clotting and the importance of the proteins that clot? | Blood clotting is the fragmentation of large cells in bone marrow. Fibrinogen and Thrombin create clots by forming threads to catch RBC's. |
| What is leukemia? | Cancers, where cells multiply uncontrollably. |
| What is the difference between an antibody and antigen? | Antibody: a protein made in response to an antigen in the body which specifically binds to that antigen, found in blood plasma. Antigen: a polysaccharide protein that stimulates an immune response, found on the surface of RBC's. |
| What is agglutination? | When the blood is being transfused and it is rejected, the blood clumps up. |
| Blood typing and compatibility. | AB+: Rarest blood type, universal recipient, no antibodies, can receive RBC's from all blood types. A antigens + B antibodies =Type A+ B antigens +A antibodies =Types B- O-: universal donor, no antigens, no immune response |
| End of Unit 6 | End of Unit 6 |
| Look at heart structure and blood type examples work sheet. | |
| Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart, what do arteries do? | Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. |
| Difference between diastolic and systolic blood pressure. | Systolic: highest, blood ejection from the heart. Diastolic: lowest, ventricles relax. |
| SA node (pacemaker), what is it? | Internal control of the heartbeat by the right atrium to cause the atria to contract. |
| What is hypertension? | High blood pressure. 140/90, silent killer. |
| Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, what does the pulmonary vein do? | The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to the heart. |
| View: How does blood flow through the heart? and Pathway of blood in the body. | Can be found in the notebook. |
| What is the internal conduction system of the heart? | SA node in the right atrium initiates the heartbeat and causes the atria to contract, impulses the AV node and sends a signal down that causes a ventricular contraction. |
| Pathway of blood through the heart? | 1. Pulmonary circuit: the right side of the heart that brings blood from the body to the heart and lungs. 2. Systemic circuit: the left side of the heart that brings blood to the entire body to deliver nutrients and rid of wastes. |
| What is the difference between systole and diastole? | How the heartbeat occurs. 1. Systole: the atria contracts and so do the ventricles. 2. Diastole: a rest phase, the chambers relax. |
| Compare the upper chambers and lower chambers of the heart. | Upper chambers (Atria): receive incoming blood. Septum separates the two, heart valves keep the blood flowing. Lower chambers (Ventricles): pump blood out |
| What are ways to prevent heart disease? | No drinking, smoking, using hard drugs, living an inactive lifestyle, avoiding obesity, poor dieting, stressing the body out and keeping good dental hygiene. |
| End Unit 5 | End Unit 5 |
| What is obstructive sleep apnea? | Intermittent air blockage during sleep. Loud snoring can be a symptom, can be chronic, frequents more with age and obesity. |
| Compare the Upper and Lower respiratory system structures. | Upper: nose (nasal cavities), pharynx (throat), larynx (vocal box). Lower: trachea (windpipe/cilia), bronchial tree (trachea to lungs), lungs (alveoli, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, 3 right lobes and 2 left lobes). |
| What is the pathway of air? | Nose, pharlynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, brionchioles, alveoli |
| Smoking can lead to which cancers? | Lung, mouth, larynx, esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreatic, cervix and stomach. |
| What are alveoli? | A layer of epithelium to allow gas exchange, enveloped by blood capillaries. |
| Compare Inspiration and Expiration. | Inspiration: inhaling, diaphram flattens, ribcage raises, pressure in the lungs decrease. Expiration: exhaling, disphram relaxes (dome shaped), ribcage moves down, air pressure in the lungs increases. |
| What is pleura? | Membranes that enclose each lung. |
| Compare External versus Internal Respiration: | External: exchange of gases between lung alveoli and blood capillaires. Passive pressure oxygen is higher in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the plasma and into the lungs. |
| Keep Comparing | Internal: exchange of gases between blood capillaries and the outside of the lungs and tissue fluid. Passive pressure carbon dioxide is higher in the capillaries, oxygen diffuses out of blood and into the tisues. |
| Where does gas exchange occur? Refer back to notebook drawing as well. | Between capillaries and alveoli. Dependent on diffusion. Always moving from higher to lower partial pressure. |
| What is enphysema? | A lower respiratory tract infection that is chronic and incurable, the alveoli have become damaged, surface area for gas exchange is reduced. |
| What is pneumonia? | A lower respiratory tract infection that is an infection of the lungs. Thick fluid build up. |
| How can you prevent respiratory disease and disorders? | Limit, drinking, don't smoke or do hard drugs, healthy/active lifestyle, regular check ups, don't put too much stress or strain on your lungs. Good dental hygiene. |
| End of Unit 10 | End of Unit 10 |
Created by:
ldunlap4
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